cloning and biotechnology CLASS Flashcards
what is a clone
gene, cells or organisms that are genetically identical as they are derived from the same original DNA
clones via asexual reproduction in eukaryotes
.clones are formed through miosis
.common for single celled and plants but not for animals
plant e.g. potato tubers, strawberry runners
animal e.g. budding in hydra and parthenogenesis
clones via asexual reproduction in prokaryotes
.clones formed via binary fission
.common
pros for asexual reproduction
.quick
.all offspring adapted to environment if the enviro dont change
.possible when sexual repro isnt
.takes advantage of resources
cons for asexual reproduction
.no genetic variation
.what if enviro changes e.g. disease
how are identical twins clones
.identical twins are natural clones formed by the embryo splitting
what are the two artificial methods for clonning animals
.artificial embryo spliting = results in artificial identical twins
.somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT)= uses enucleated eggs
process for artificial embryo splitting
.eggs and sperm are collected from the high value female and male
.the eggs and sperm are puting into in vitro fertilisation
.in vitro grows into a 16-cell embryo
.the 16-cell embryo is split into separate segments and is implanted into surrogate mothers
.each giving birth to a clone which are genetically diff to their parents but identical to each other
process for somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT)
.mammary cells are removed from the udder of one sheep
.ovum from and other sheep is collected
.nucleus is removed from the egg forming a enculeate ovum
.combine the enculeare ovum with the mammary cells via electro-fusion
.put the culture into oviduct of a sheep
.recover the early embryo and implant into surrogate mother uterus
clones from SCNT
.have nuclear DNA from the donor of nuclear material
.have mitochondrial DNA from the enucleated ovum
pros for cloning animals
.can clone large num of animals quick e.g. endangered or disirable
.can be done at any time
.can clone tissues to treat diseases
cons for cloning animals
.hard to do , takes time and expensive
.welfare of animals
.monoculture
.long term health concern
what do rhizomes do
stems that grow horizontally underground
e.g bamboo
stolens/runners
stems that grow horizontally above ground
e.g. spider plants and strawberry plants
suckers
shoot grow up from buds on shallow roots
e.g. elm
tubers
.large underground structure that act as food stores
.covered in eyes that can form new plants
e.g. potatoes
bulbs
underground food stores e.g onions
what is stem cutting
when the section of stem is cut between leaf nodes
.then trim lower leaves off
.then dip in plant hormones
e.g. roses
root cuting
same as above but with a bit of root
what is leaf cutting
.remove leaf and score the veins on the the lower surface using a scalpel
.put leaf vien facing down on compost and a new plant should form from each break in vein
what is grafting
.short section of woody plant is joined to an already growing root and stem (rootstock)
.vascular tissue must be lined up
.add bindings until growth is supportive
cons for cuttings and grafting
.cant produce large num
.some plants dont reproduce well from the method
what is tissue culture
separation of cell an their growth on a nutrient medium
pros for tissue cultures
.large num of clones
.rapid reproduction
.develop a disease free stock
.small amount of parent material
process of micropropagation
.cells taken from shoot tip with sterile forceps
.cells are put into nutrient agar plate with shoot-stimulating hormones
.they grow into plantlets and are planted into compost
reasons for culturing microorganisms
.creates large num of microorganisms
.collection of metabolites
what is controlled in fermentation vessels
.temp
.pH
.oxy
.nutrient conc
.contamination
what is batch fermentation
.culture is grown and removed from vessel
.vessel is sterilised
.diff batch of microorganisms is grown in vessel
.closed culture
what is continuous fermentation
.culture is continually grown in vessel
.nutrients added in
.waste products removed
lag phase in growth cuve in closed culture
.pop size is constant
.microoganisms are synthesising enzymes, activating genes and biosynthesis
.active but repro is slow
exponential phase/log in in growth cuve in closed culture
.pop size increases rapidly
.plenty of nutrients available and little comp for space
.num of microo double regularly
stationary phase in growth cuve in closed culture
.pop size is constant
.death rate = repro rate
.microo die due to limited food or toxic waste accumulate
decline phase in growth cuve in closed culture
.pop size decrease
.death rate > repro rate
.increased microo death due to limited food and waste being toxic
growth curve for continuous fermentation
.only lag and log/exponential phase
what are primary metabolites
.produced by an organism via normal growth
e.g. AA, proteins, nucleic acids, ethanol
.production = growth of pop
.continuous fermentation is good for primary production
secondary metabolites
.produced by an organism not as part of normal growth
.usually to protect limited resources
e.g. penicillin, streptomycin
.production begins after main growth phase of pop
.batch is good for secondary
