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Biology > Photosynthesis > Flashcards

Photosynthesis Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is photosynthesis

A

The process where energy from light is used to make glucose from H2O and CO2

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2
Q

What is the overall equation of photosynthesis

A

6CO2 + 6H2O + energy –> C6 H12 O6 (glucose) + 6O2

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3
Q

What is Phosphorylation

A

Adding phosphate to a molecule

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4
Q

What is photophosphorylation

A

Adding phosphate to a molecule using light

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5
Q

What is photolysis

A

The splitting of a molecule using light

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6
Q

What is hydrolysis

A

The splitting of a molecule using water

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7
Q

What are redox reactions

A

Reactions that involve oxidation and reduction

OILRIG

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8
Q

What is a coenzyme

A

A molecule that aids the function of an enzyme and work by transferring a chemical group from one molecule to another

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9
Q

What is the coenzyme used in photosynthesis

A

NADP

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10
Q

What does NADP do

A

Transfers hydrogen from one molecule to another so it can reduce or oxidize a molecule

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11
Q

What are photosynthetic pigments

A

Coloured substances that absorb light energy needed for photosynthesis. They are found in the thylakoid membranes attached to proteins. e.g chlorophyll a, b and carotene

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12
Q

What is a protein and pigment called

A

A photosystem

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13
Q

What are the two types of photosynthetic pigments

A

Primary and accessory

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14
Q

What do primary pigments do

A

Are reaction centres where electrons are excited during light dependent reactions

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15
Q

What are accessory pigments

A

Make up light-harvesting systems that surround reaction centers and transfer light energy to them to boost energy avaliable for electron excitement to occur.

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16
Q

What is photosystem 1 best wavelength to absorb light

A

700nm

17
Q

What is photosystem 2’s best wavelength to absorb light

A

680nm

18
Q

How to complete chromatography to separate photosynthetic pigments

A

1) Grind up several leaves with anhydrous sodium sulfate and propanone

2) Transfer the liquid to a test tube and add petroleum ether and shake. Two layers should form

3) Transfer liquid from the top layer to a second test tube with anhydrous sodium sulfate

4) Draw a horizontal line on the chromatography plate, building up a single concentrated spot of liquid by adding lots of dots

5) When the origin is dry put the plate into a solvent of propane, cyclohexane and petroleum ether

6) Take the plate out and mark the solvent front allowing you to calculate the Rf value

19
Q

In the light dependent reaction how is atp made

A

Photophosphorylation

20
Q

What occurs in the non-cyclic light dependent reaction

A
  • Light is absorbed by photosystem II exciting electrons in the chlorophyll
  • The electrons move to a higher energy level so move along the electron transport chain to PS I. This meaning the electrons must be replaced so water is split into H+ ions, electrons and oxygen
  • The electrons loose energy moving along the ETC which is used to transport H+ ions into the thylakoid via proton pumps.
  • Protons move out into the stroma via ATP synthase and the energy from this movement combines ADP and inorganic phosphate to form ATP.
  • Light energy is absorbed by PS I exciting the electrons to a higher level so they are transferred to NADP with H+ ions to form reduced NADP
21
Q

What is different when cyclic photophosphorylation occurs

A

It only uses PS I and the electrons from the chlorophyll aren’t passed NADP but back to PS I therefore only producing a small amount of ATP

22
Q

Where does the Calvin cycle occur

A

The stroma of the chloroplasts

23
Q

What occurs in the Calvin cycle

A
  • CO2 enters the leaf through the stomata and diffuses into the stroma of the chloroplast
  • It combines with RuBP (5 carbon compound) giving an unstable 6 carbon compound which breaks down into two molecules of GP
  • RuBisCO catalyzes the reaction between CO2 and RuBP
  • ATP and the H+ ions from reduced NADP from the light dependent reaction provides energy to turn GP to TP
  • TP is converted to useful organic compounds such as glucose
  • 5 out of 6 TP molecules of TP are used to regenerate RuBP
24
Q

How many times does the calvin cycle need to turn before producing a hexose sugar

A

Six (18 ATP and 12 reduced NADP)

25
Q

What are the limiting factors of photosynthesis

A

Light intensity, temperature and CO2 concentration

26
Q

What is the optimum temperature for photosynthesis

A

Around 25 degrees C

27
Q

What happens to the plant and therefore photosynthesis at high temperatures

A
  • Stomata close to avoid loosing water so photosynthesis slows down
  • Thylakoid membranes may be damaged reducing the number of sites avaliable for electron transfer
  • The membranes around the chloroplasts could b damaged releasing enzymes for the
    calvin cycle
  • Chlorophyll could be damaged reducing the amount of light energy absorbed.
28
Q

What is the optimum percentage of CO2 concentration

A

0.4%

29
Q

What is the saturation point of light intensity

A

Where by increasing the light anymore has no effect on the rate of photosynthesis

30
Q

How does light intensity affect the calvin cycle

A
  • Low light intensities the products of the light independent stage will be in short supply
  • So conversion of GP to TP and RuBP is slow
  • Level of GP will rise and TP and RuBP will fall
31
Q

How does temperature affect the calvin cycle

A
  • The reactions are catalysed by enzymes and at low temperatures the reactions will be slower as the enzymes will work slower.
  • The levels of RuBP, GP and TP will fall
  • Similar affect occurs at high temperatures when enzymes will denature
32
Q

How does CO2 concentrations affect the Calvin cycle

A
  • At low concentrations conversion of RuBP to GP is also slow
  • The level of RuBP will rise and levels of GP and TP will fall

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