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Biology > Biodiversity > Flashcards

Biodiversity Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Define biodiversity

A

The variety of living organisms in an area

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2
Q

Define species

A

A group of similar organisms able to reproduce to give fertile offspring

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3
Q

Define habitat

A

The area inhabited by a species. Including physical factors eg soil and temperature or biotic factors eg food availability or predators

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4
Q

Define habitat diversity

A

The number of different habitats in an area

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5
Q

Define species diversity

A

The number of different species and the abundance of each in an area

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6
Q

Define species diversity

A

The number of different species and the abundance of each in an area

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7
Q

Define genetic diversity

A

The variation of alleles within a species

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8
Q

What is the process of sampling

A

1) Choose and area to sample
2) Count the number of individuals of each species
3) Repeat the process as many times needed
4) Use the results to estimate the total number of individuals or different species

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9
Q

How to complete random sampling

A

Use a random number generator to select coordinates along a tape measure

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10
Q

What are the three types of non random sampling

A

Systematic
Opportunistic
Stratified

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11
Q

What is systematic sampling

A

Samples are taken at fixed intervals along a line such a quadrats

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12
Q

What is opportunistic sampling

A

Samples are chosen by the investigator. It is simple but often biased

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13
Q

What is opportunistic sampling

A

Samples are chosen by the investigator. It is simple but often biased

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14
Q

What is stratified sampling

A

Different areas in a habitat are identified and sampled separately in proportion to their part of the habitat as a whole.

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15
Q

What is species richness

A

The number of different species in an area. The higher the number of species the greater the species richness.

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16
Q

How is species richness measured

A

By taking random samples of a habitat and counting the number of different species

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17
Q

What is species evenness

A

A measure of the relative abundance of each species in an area. The more similar the population size of each species, the greater the species evenness.

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18
Q

How is species evenness measured

A

By taking random samples of a habitat, and counting the number of individuals of each species

19
Q

How is diversity measured

A

Simpson’s Index of Diversity

20
Q

How to calculate Simpson’s Index of Diversity

A

D = 1 - (sum of (n/N) ^2)

Where:
n = total number of individuals of one species
N = Total number of organisms of all species

21
Q

What is Polymorphism

A

A locus that has two or more alleles

22
Q

How can you measure genetic diversity

A

Calculating the proportion of polymorphic gene loci. This can be done by:

number of polymorphic gene loci / total number of loci

23
Q

What factors affect global biodiversity

A

Human population growth, increased use of monoculture in Agriculture, climate change

24
Q

What factors does human population growth involve

A

Habitat loss - human development

Over-explotation - greater demand for resources so are used up before being replenished

Urbanization - isolate species due to major developments and lead to inbreeding

Pollution - destroy habitats or kill species

25
Q

Why is the increased use of monoculture in agriculture damaging to biodiversity

A

Habitats are lost for land

Local and naturally occuring plants and animals are seen as weeds and pests so are destroyed

Heritage (traditional) varieties of crops are lost because they don’t make enough money and so are not planted any more, reducing species diversity

26
Q

How does climate change affect biodiversity

A

Most species need a particular climate to survive

A change means an area that was previously inhabitable becomes uninhabitable and vice versa. Forcing changes in species levels and some species may be forced to migrate. This then changes species distribution and decrease biodiversity.

27
Q

Why does biodiversity need to be maintained

A

To protect species including keystone species

To maintain genetic resources

To reduce soil depletion

Aesthetically pleasing

28
Q

How can protecting species including keystone species help to maintain biodiversity

A

Stops:
Disruption of food chains
Disruption of nutrient cycles

29
Q

What are keystone species

A

Species in an ecosystem depend and without which the ecosystem would change dramatically

30
Q

Why does genetic resources need to maintained for biodiversity

A

They provide us with everyday products such as food and drink, clothing, drugs and fuels. And are very important to the global economy.

Allow us to adapt to changes in the environment. This is such as having a drought-resistant crop.

31
Q

What are genetic resources

A

Any plant, animal or microorganism containing genes that we find valuable

32
Q

How does reduction of soil depletion help maintain biodiversity

A

The economic costs of soil depletion include increased spending on fertilizers and decreased yields

33
Q

Why should biodiversity be maintained for aesthetic reasons

A

Provide pleasant and attractive landscapes that people can enjoy

There are more visitors and has economic attractions

34
Q

What is in situ conservation

A

Means on site conservation - protecting species in their natural habitat

35
Q

Methods of in situ conservation

A

Establishing protected areas such as national parks and wildlife reserves by restricting urban and industrial development and farming

Controlling or preventing the introduction of species that threaten local biodiversity

Protecting habitats so organisms can continue to live

Promoting particular species such as protecting food sources

Giving legal protection to endangered species

36
Q

What is one advantage of in situ conservation

A

Both the species and their habitat are conserved. Large populations can be protected and it’s less disruptive than removing organisms from their habitats.

37
Q

What is the disadvantage of in situ conservation

A

It can be difficult to control some factors that are threatening a species.

38
Q

What is ex situ conservation

A

Off site conservation involving protecting a species by removing part of the population from a threatened habitat and placing it in a new location.

39
Q

Methods of ex situ conservation

A

Relocating an organism to a safer area

Breeding organisms in captivity then reintroducing them to the wild

Endangered plant species and those extinct in the wild can be grown in botanic gardens before being reintroduced to habitats.

Seed banks to help store and freeze seeds in need if natural reserves are destroyed

40
Q

Advantages of ex situ conservation

A

It can be used to protect individual animals in a controlled environment

Can be used to reintroduce species that have left an area

41
Q

Disadvantages of ex situ conservation

A

Only a small number of individuals can be cared for

Can be difficult and expensive for the right environment

Many species cannot breed successfully in captivity

42
Q

What are international cooperation examples

A

Rio Convention on Biological Diversity

CITES Agreement

43
Q

An example of a local conservation agreement

A

The Country Stewardship Scheme

Biology (20 decks)

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