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Bio 105 > Photosynthesis > Flashcards

Photosynthesis Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What type of organisms do photosynthesis?

A

Both eukaryotes and prokaryotes can; plants, algae, and some bacteria

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2
Q

Basic principle of photosynthesis?

A

Photosynthesis captures light energy from the sun and converts it to chemical energy.

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3
Q

What’s the basic equation of photosynthesis?

A

Energy (from sun) + water + carbon dioxide = carbohydrates and oxygen

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4
Q

What’s the actual equation of photosynthesis?

A

6CO2 + 6H2O —> C6H12O6 + 6O2

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5
Q

What’s being reduced and why?

A

6Co2 is reduced to C6H12O6 because it is gaining electrons (via hydrogen)

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6
Q

What’s being oxidized and why?

A

6H20 is oxidized to 6O2 because the hydrogen is taken away

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7
Q

What’s a stomata?

A

On the surface of a plant cell (a pore) that opens/closes to accept Co2 and send out O2

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8
Q

What’s a stroma?

A

The liquid inside a chloroplast

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9
Q

What’s a granum?

A

A stack of thylakoids

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10
Q

Oxygen is very electronegative. Why does this pose a problem for photosynthesis?

A

It is very difficult to oxidize water because it loves electrons

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11
Q

What are the reactants in the light reaction phase?

A

Light, H20, NADP+, ADP + Pi

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12
Q

What are the products of the light reaction phase?

A

O2, ATP, NADPH

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13
Q

What are the reactants of the calvin cycle?

A

CO2, ATP, NADPH

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14
Q

What are the products of the calvin cycle?

A

CH2O and NADP+ and ADP, Pi

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15
Q

What wavelengths have higher energy?

A

Short wavelengths

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16
Q

What wavelengths have lower energy?

A

Longer wavelengths

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17
Q

What colors have higher energy/shorter wavelengths?

A

purple, blue, green

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18
Q

what colors have lower energy, longer wavelengths?

A

yellow, orange, red

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19
Q

What captures sunlight and how?

A

Chlorophyll (green pigment)

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20
Q

What are the three pigments?

A

Chlorophyll a (key light capturing pigment)
Chlorophyll b (an accessory pigment)
Carotenoids (a separate group of accessory pigments)

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21
Q

What happens when light hits a pigment?

A

Electrons move from the ground to an excited state

22
Q

What happens in PSII

A

Photons hit the chlorophyll pigments and excite them; water is oxidized and supplies additional electrons; as the electrons are excited, they move to another carrier

23
Q

what happens in the cytochrome complex?

A

Is a proton pump and lets more protons into the lumen. The energy is lowered here to supply H+ in the lumen

24
Q

What happens in PSI?

A

Photon light hits the chlorophyll molecules again and re-excites them

25
Q

What happens in the NADP+ reductase?

A

NADP+ reductase is an electron carrier and enzyme that reduces NADP+ to NADPH

26
Q

What happens in the ATP synthase?

A

It diffuses H+ using a proton gradient and makes ATP by photophosphorlyation (ADP, Pi to ATP)

27
Q

Where does the calvin cycle take place?

A

In the stroma

28
Q

What’s phase 1 of the calvin cycle?

A

Carbon Fixation

29
Q

What’s phase 2 of the calvin cycle?

A

Reduction

30
Q

What’s phase 3 of the calvin cycle?

A

Regeneration

31
Q

What happens during Carbon Fixation?

A

Rubisco enzyme causes 3 CO2 molecules to interact with 3 RUBP to produce 6 PGA

32
Q

What happens during reduction?

A

The 6 3PGA uses 6ATP and 6NADPH to generate 6 G3P molecules

Require ATP because it can’t happen spontaneously

1 G3P molecule exits cycle here

33
Q

What happens during regeneration?

A

uses the other 5 molecules of G3P to and 3 ATP molecules to make 3 RuBP

34
Q

At the end of the calvin cycle, what molecules have the energy that originally came from light?

A

ATP and NADPH

35
Q

What product of G3P transports energy to other parts of the plant?

A

Sucrose

36
Q

What product of G3P stays stored in a plant for later use as an energy source?

A

Starch

37
Q

What’s chemiosmosis?

A

the diffusion of H+ from the thylakoid space back to the storm down the gradient - powers ATP synthase and produces ATP

38
Q

What cells are involved in C4 plants?

A

Mesophyll and bundle-sheath cells

39
Q

What do C-4 plants have to overcome?

A

low CO2 levels because the stomata is closed to keep water in during hot, humid days/climates

40
Q

NADP

A

an electron acceptor as NADPH that stores electrons produced during light reactions throughout the electron transport chain

41
Q

C3 plants?

A

uses the Calvin cycle for the initial steps that incorporate CO2 into organic material

42
Q

In photosynthesis, what is the fate of the oxygen atoms present in Co2?

A

they end up as molecular oxygen (released through stomata) and in sugar molecules

43
Q

What is the role of NADP+ in photosynthesis?

A

It forms NADPH to be used in the calvin cycle

44
Q

A photon of which of these colors would carry the most energy?

green
yellow
blue
orange
red

A

blue, the shortest wavelengths carry the most energy

45
Q

Based on the work of Engelmann, a ploy of photosynthetic activity versus wavelength of light is referred to as:

an effective spectrum
an absorption spectrum
an electromagnetic spectrum
a visible light spectrum
an action spectrum

A

An action spectrum - which plots the effectiveness of different wavelengths of light in driving photosynthesis

46
Q

What structure is formed by the reaction center, light-harvesting complexes, and primary electron acceptors that cluster, and is located in the thylakoid membrane?

the fluorescence center
the photosystem
the electron transport chain
NADP+ reductase
ATP synthase

A

the photosystem

47
Q

Where do the electrons entering photosystem II come from?

ATP
the electron transport chain
light
water

A

Water - key is paying attention to which photosystem

48
Q

During photosynthesis in a eukaryotic cell, an electrochemical gradient is formed across the?
chloroplast outer membrane
thylakoid membrane
chloroplast inner membrane
stomata
cristae

A

thylakoid membrane - protons are pumped from the storm to the thylakoid space; locations are separated by the thylakoid membrane

49
Q

Of the following, which occurs in the calvin cycle?
a. light energy is converted to chemical energy
b. ATP and NADPH are synthesized
c. CO2 is reduced
d. excited electrons are conveyed from chlorophyll to an electron acceptor
e. photons are absorbed

A

CO2 is reduced

50
Q

Which of the following occurs during the Calvin cycle?

a. Light energy is converted to chemical energy.
b. ATP is oxidized and NADPH is reduced.
c. ATP is reduced and NADPH is oxidized.
d. ATP is hydrolyzed and NADPH is oxidized.
e. Linear electron flow produces the materials required for the fixation of carbon from carbon dioxide.

A

ATP is hydrolyzed and NADPH is oxidized - hydrolysis of ATP releases energy to drive endergonic reactions of the calvin cycle

51
Q
A

Bio 105 (5 decks)

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