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Bio 105 > Chapter 6: Tour of the Cell > Flashcards

Chapter 6: Tour of the Cell Flashcards

1
Q

What sequence of organelles are spun out during cell fractionation?

A

Cells; nuclei & cellular debris; mitochondria & chloroplasts; microsomes (membranes); ribosomes: spun out by size & density

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2
Q

What is shared between prokaryotes and eukaryotes?

A

All cells are membrane-bound; contain cytosol inside; have chromosomes (DNA carriers) and ribosomes (protein-makers according to gene instruction)

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3
Q

What is different between prokaryotes and eukaryotes?

A

Eukaryotes have a nucleus, have membrane-bound organelles suspended in cytosol; and are generally bigger
Prokaryotes have DNA concentrated in nucleoid (not membrane bound); some have proteins for reactions

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4
Q

What’s the size difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes?

A

Eukaryotes: 10-100 um in diameter
Some bacteria are .1-1 in diameter

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5
Q

What’s the surface area to volume ratio of cells?

A

As cells get bigger, the ratio of surface area to volume decreases. Ratio is important to calculate the # of substance that can cross the plasma membrane.

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6
Q

What are the implications for cells with high surface are to volume ratios?

A

Ratios are higher in cells that exchange a lot of material - aka smaller cells

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7
Q

What do organisms generally have many cells?

A

As cells increase, volume grows faster than surface area, so cells split/divide before they can grow too large.

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8
Q

What do plant and animal cells have in common?

A

cell membrane; nuclei; mitochondria; ER; peroxisomes; golgi apparatus; ribosomes

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9
Q

What’s exclusive to plant cells?

A

A cell wall; central vacuole; chloroplasts; amyloplast (starch grain); chlorophyll; ability to photosynthesize; plasmodesmata

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10
Q

What’s exclusive to animal cells?

A

Extracellular matrix; lysosomes; centriole

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11
Q

Plasma Membrane?

A

Cell membrane - all cells have it
1. a selective barrier that allows small things in/out (non polar)

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12
Q

The nucleus?

A
  • enclosed by the nuclear envelope (double-membraned)
  • has pores that regulate in/out of mRNA and other molecules (proteins)
  • contains most DNA and ribosomes
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13
Q

How does the nucleus direct protein synthesis?

A

mRNA is transported from nucleus, through pores into the cytoplasm. Ribosomes then translate the genetic info into the primary structure of a specific polypeptide

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14
Q

The nucleolus?

A

Inside the nucleus
Where rRNA is made
Where ribosomes are synthesized into a large and small subunit

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15
Q

Anatomy of nucleus?

A
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16
Q

Where are else are genes located aside from nucleus? Why?

A
  • mitochondria & chloroplasts
  • Endosymbiant theory which suggests that they used to be their own organisms and were trapped in the cell
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17
Q

DNA is located in?

A

Chromosomes; made up of a material called chromatin (proteins and DNA)

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18
Q

What happens after mRNA leaves the nucleus?

A

Ribosomes read the mRNA; make polypeptide chain; coded to fold a specific way; the way it’s folded correlates to the type of protein (structure/function)

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19
Q

Ribosomes?

A

made of rRNA (ribosomal RNA) and proteins; “read” mRNA and constructs a polypeptide from amino acids aka protein synthesis

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20
Q

What cells are rich in ribosomes?

A

In cells that synthesize large amounts of protein - pancreas cells which create digestive enzymes

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21
Q

What are free ribosomes?

A

Suspended in cytosol - make proteins for inside cytosol

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22
Q

What are bound ribosomes?

A

Attached to the outside of the rough ER - make proteins bound for outside cell

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23
Q

Endoplasmic Reticulum?

A

Smooth and rough; a network of membranes surrounding nucleus

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24
Q

What’s smooth ER?

A
  • outer surface lacks ribosomes
  • creates lipids (steroids and new membrane phospholipids)
  • metabolizes carbs
  • stores calcium ions in muscle/neuron cells
  • detoxifies
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25
What cells are rich in smooth ER?
Testicles and ovaries; production of sex hormones Liver cells; alcohol/barbiturates trigger more smooth ER
26
What's rough ER?
- secretes glycoproteins (protein manufacturer) - distributes transport vesicles (proteins surrounded by membranes) - membrane factory of cell
27
What are the compartments in ER?
Lumen
28
What organelles make up the endo-membrane system?
VeGoNPLyER Vesicles Golgi Nuclear Membrane Plasma Membrane Lysosomes ER
29
Golgi Apparatus?
ER products are received, sorted, modified, labelled, and shipped here Modifications happen during transit from cis to trans face
30
Cis face?
Vesicles from ER enter from cis face of Golgi
31
Trans face?
Vesicles will leave for transport via trans face of Golgi - could be a lysosome
32
What happens in Golgi?
warehouse holder of phospholipids, polysaccharides; storage of lysosome enzymes
33
Lysosomes?
Membranous sac of hydrolytic enzymes that cells use to digest macromolecules
34
How does digestion occur with lysosomes?
Phagocytosis: a lysosome fuses w/a food vacuole & digests contents Autophagy: a damaged organelle & lysosome fuse w/vesicle and recycles it's contents (enzymes recycle organelles and other macromolecules)
35
What's an example of a lysosomal cell?
White blood cells (macrophages) Also, works best in acidic environments (stomach)
36
How are food vacuoles formed?
Phagocytosis
37
What are the 3 types of vacuoles?
1. Food - formed by phagocytosis 2. Contractile - unicellular protists; pumps water out of the cell 3. Central - plants; stores inorganic ions; absorbs H20 & swells cell; assists in holding cell upright
38
What's the solution in a central vacuole?
Sap, not water or cytosol
39
What does mitochondria and chloroplasts have in common?
Double-membraned; both dynamic, can move, change, grow, morph, etc. Both contain DNA & ribosomes and are somewhat independent operators of cell; similarities due to Endosymbiant theory
40
Chloroplasts?
Only in plant cells; site of photosynthesis
41
What's photosynthesis?
CO2 + H2O + Sunlight (energy) = carbohydrates and oxygen (used for cellular respiration)
42
What's the structure of a chloroplast?
Double membraned; inside storma, contains stacks of thylakoids called granum; also contains ribosomes, DNA, and enzymes
43
How does structure/function relate to chloroplasts?
The structure of compartmental organization enables chloroplasts to convert light energy to chemical energy via sugars
44
What's mitochondria's function?
site of metabolic activity & cellular respiration; creates ATP, extracts energy from food (catabolism)
45
Cellular respiration?
sugars/fats/fuel + O2 = energy = ATP
46
Structure of mitochondria?
smooth outer membrane convoluted inner membrane inside inner membrane folded into Cristae Cristae contains matrix matrix contains enzymes, DNA, ribosomes
47
What cells are rich in mitochondria?
Muscle cells; have a high surface area for more enzymes to attach to membrane; muscle cells constantly moving, growing, fusing, etc.
48
What are peroxisomes?
Remove hydrogen from molecules and add O2 to make hydrogen peroxide; enzymes inside convert it to H2O ***example of SF bc compartmental structure makes this process possible Break down fatty acids - creates fuel for mitochondria Detoxifies alcohol via transfer of H (liver is rich in) Not membrane bound
49
Cytoskeleton?
Network of fibers extending throughout cytoplasm for support, motility, and regulation
50
3 major components of cytoskeleton?
Microtubules; intermediate filaments; microfilaments
51
Purpose of cytoskeleton?
1. Structural support for and within cell 2. Movement for and within cell -movement occurs via motor proteins "walking" across microtubule powered by ATP
52
Microtubules purpose?
Maintain cell shape/motility; separates chromosomes during cell division (division spindle)
53
What are microtubes made of?
Hollow tubes, made from tubular dimers (alpha and beta); have a + end which accumulates/releases timers at a higher rate (polymerizing and depolymerizing)
54
Examples of microtubules?
Flagella and cilia: microtubules control their beat; propellors, locomotives of cell, move things over cells or cell itself
55
Flagella?
Bigger, usually 1/2 a cell - beats like eel (sperm)
56
Cilia?
shorter, many on surface - rowes like an oar - on lining of uterus to move an egg
57
What drives flagella and cilia movement?
ATP - specifically, motor protein called dynein
58
Microfilament purpose?
maintenance of cell shape and motility, muscle contraction, bears tension
59
What are microfilaments made of?
thin rods (two intertwined fibers) of Actin (Actin makes myosin, responsible for contracting muscles)
60
Function of intermediate filaments?
cell shape, anchor nucleus and other organelles. used to anchor more permanent cellular fixtures
61
What are intermediate filaments made from?
protein fibers coiled and cabled (often keratin)
62
Extracellular components?
Cell walls; ECM; cellular junctions; reinforces cells and allows connection/communication between them
63
What's the cell wall?
Exclusive to plants - made from cellulose; holds plant up against gravity; sugar pressure (water) stops cells from bursting when taking in H2O
64
What's the ECM?
exclusive to animals - made from secreted glycoproteins (collagen) and proteoglycans Glycoproteins bind to receptors in plasma membrane - transmits signals between ECM and cytoskeleton Communicates and regulates cell behavior
65
What's the structure/function link of ECM?
Network of fibers - signaling pathways
66
Plasmodesmata?
Exclusive to plants - channels that connect cells
67
3 cellular junctions of animal cells?
Tight, desmosomes, and gap
68
Tight Junctions?
water-proof connection; plasma membranes of neighboring cells are bound tightly together via proteins. Skin cells are rich
69
Desmosomes?
For structural strength - rivet and fasten cells together via intermediate filaments Attaches muscle cells; responsible for some muscle tears
70

Bio 105 (5 decks)

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