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Bio 105 > Chapter 6: Tour of the Cell > Flashcards

Chapter 6: Tour of the Cell Flashcards

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1
Q

What sequence of organelles are spun out during cell fractionation?

A

Cells; nuclei & cellular debris; mitochondria & chloroplasts; microsomes (membranes); ribosomes: spun out by size & density

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2
Q

What is shared between prokaryotes and eukaryotes?

A

All cells are membrane-bound; contain cytosol inside; have chromosomes (DNA carriers) and ribosomes (protein-makers according to gene instruction)

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3
Q

What is different between prokaryotes and eukaryotes?

A

Eukaryotes have a nucleus, have membrane-bound organelles suspended in cytosol; and are generally bigger
Prokaryotes have DNA concentrated in nucleoid (not membrane bound); some have proteins for reactions

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4
Q

What’s the size difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes?

A

Eukaryotes: 10-100 um in diameter
Some bacteria are .1-1 in diameter

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5
Q

What’s the surface area to volume ratio of cells?

A

As cells get bigger, the ratio of surface area to volume decreases. Ratio is important to calculate the # of substance that can cross the plasma membrane.

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6
Q

What are the implications for cells with high surface are to volume ratios?

A

Ratios are higher in cells that exchange a lot of material - aka smaller cells

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7
Q

What do organisms generally have many cells?

A

As cells increase, volume grows faster than surface area, so cells split/divide before they can grow too large.

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8
Q

What do plant and animal cells have in common?

A

cell membrane; nuclei; mitochondria; ER; peroxisomes; golgi apparatus; ribosomes

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9
Q

What’s exclusive to plant cells?

A

A cell wall; central vacuole; chloroplasts; amyloplast (starch grain); chlorophyll; ability to photosynthesize; plasmodesmata

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10
Q

What’s exclusive to animal cells?

A

Extracellular matrix; lysosomes; centriole

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11
Q

Plasma Membrane?

A

Cell membrane - all cells have it
1. a selective barrier that allows small things in/out (non polar)

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12
Q

The nucleus?

A
  • enclosed by the nuclear envelope (double-membraned)
  • has pores that regulate in/out of mRNA and other molecules (proteins)
  • contains most DNA and ribosomes
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13
Q

How does the nucleus direct protein synthesis?

A

mRNA is transported from nucleus, through pores into the cytoplasm. Ribosomes then translate the genetic info into the primary structure of a specific polypeptide

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14
Q

The nucleolus?

A

Inside the nucleus
Where rRNA is made
Where ribosomes are synthesized into a large and small subunit

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15
Q

Anatomy of nucleus?

A
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16
Q

Where are else are genes located aside from nucleus? Why?

A
  • mitochondria & chloroplasts
  • Endosymbiant theory which suggests that they used to be their own organisms and were trapped in the cell
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17
Q

DNA is located in?

A

Chromosomes; made up of a material called chromatin (proteins and DNA)

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18
Q

What happens after mRNA leaves the nucleus?

A

Ribosomes read the mRNA; make polypeptide chain; coded to fold a specific way; the way it’s folded correlates to the type of protein (structure/function)

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19
Q

Ribosomes?

A

made of rRNA (ribosomal RNA) and proteins; “read” mRNA and constructs a polypeptide from amino acids aka protein synthesis

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20
Q

What cells are rich in ribosomes?

A

In cells that synthesize large amounts of protein - pancreas cells which create digestive enzymes

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21
Q

What are free ribosomes?

A

Suspended in cytosol - make proteins for inside cytosol

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22
Q

What are bound ribosomes?

A

Attached to the outside of the rough ER - make proteins bound for outside cell

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23
Q

Endoplasmic Reticulum?

A

Smooth and rough; a network of membranes surrounding nucleus

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24
Q

What’s smooth ER?

A
  • outer surface lacks ribosomes
  • creates lipids (steroids and new membrane phospholipids)
  • metabolizes carbs
  • stores calcium ions in muscle/neuron cells
  • detoxifies
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25
Q

What cells are rich in smooth ER?

A

Testicles and ovaries; production of sex hormones
Liver cells; alcohol/barbiturates trigger more smooth ER

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26
Q

What’s rough ER?

A
  • secretes glycoproteins (protein manufacturer)
  • distributes transport vesicles (proteins surrounded by membranes)
  • membrane factory of cell
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27
Q

What are the compartments in ER?

A

Lumen

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28
Q

What organelles make up the endo-membrane system?

A

VeGoNPLyER
Vesicles
Golgi
Nuclear Membrane
Plasma Membrane
Lysosomes
ER

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29
Q

Golgi Apparatus?

A

ER products are received, sorted, modified, labelled, and shipped here
Modifications happen during transit from cis to trans face

30
Q

Cis face?

A

Vesicles from ER enter from cis face of Golgi

31
Q

Trans face?

A

Vesicles will leave for transport via trans face of Golgi - could be a lysosome

32
Q

What happens in Golgi?

A

warehouse holder of phospholipids, polysaccharides; storage of lysosome enzymes

33
Q

Lysosomes?

A

Membranous sac of hydrolytic enzymes that cells use to digest macromolecules

34
Q

How does digestion occur with lysosomes?

A

Phagocytosis: a lysosome fuses w/a food vacuole & digests contents
Autophagy: a damaged organelle & lysosome fuse w/vesicle and recycles it’s contents (enzymes recycle organelles and other macromolecules)

35
Q

What’s an example of a lysosomal cell?

A

White blood cells (macrophages)
Also, works best in acidic environments (stomach)

36
Q

How are food vacuoles formed?

A

Phagocytosis

37
Q

What are the 3 types of vacuoles?

A
  1. Food - formed by phagocytosis
  2. Contractile - unicellular protists; pumps water out of the cell
  3. Central - plants; stores inorganic ions; absorbs H20 & swells cell; assists in holding cell upright
38
Q

What’s the solution in a central vacuole?

A

Sap, not water or cytosol

39
Q

What does mitochondria and chloroplasts have in common?

A

Double-membraned; both dynamic, can move, change, grow, morph, etc. Both contain DNA & ribosomes and are somewhat independent operators of cell; similarities due to Endosymbiant theory

40
Q

Chloroplasts?

A

Only in plant cells; site of photosynthesis

41
Q

What’s photosynthesis?

A

CO2 + H2O + Sunlight (energy) = carbohydrates and oxygen (used for cellular respiration)

42
Q

What’s the structure of a chloroplast?

A

Double membraned; inside storma, contains stacks of thylakoids called granum; also contains ribosomes, DNA, and enzymes

43
Q

How does structure/function relate to chloroplasts?

A

The structure of compartmental organization enables chloroplasts to convert light energy to chemical energy via sugars

44
Q

What’s mitochondria’s function?

A

site of metabolic activity & cellular respiration; creates ATP, extracts energy from food (catabolism)

45
Q

Cellular respiration?

A

sugars/fats/fuel + O2 = energy = ATP

46
Q

Structure of mitochondria?

A

smooth outer membrane
convoluted inner membrane
inside inner membrane folded into Cristae
Cristae contains matrix
matrix contains enzymes, DNA, ribosomes

47
Q

What cells are rich in mitochondria?

A

Muscle cells; have a high surface area for more enzymes to attach to membrane; muscle cells constantly moving, growing, fusing, etc.

48
Q

What are peroxisomes?

A

Remove hydrogen from molecules and add O2 to make hydrogen peroxide; enzymes inside convert it to H2O ***example of SF bc compartmental structure makes this process possible

Break down fatty acids - creates fuel for mitochondria

Detoxifies alcohol via transfer of H (liver is rich in)

Not membrane bound

49
Q

Cytoskeleton?

A

Network of fibers extending throughout cytoplasm for support, motility, and regulation

50
Q

3 major components of cytoskeleton?

A

Microtubules; intermediate filaments; microfilaments

51
Q

Purpose of cytoskeleton?

A
  1. Structural support for and within cell
  2. Movement for and within cell
    -movement occurs via motor proteins “walking” across microtubule powered by ATP
52
Q

Microtubules purpose?

A

Maintain cell shape/motility; separates chromosomes during cell division (division spindle)

53
Q

What are microtubes made of?

A

Hollow tubes, made from tubular dimers (alpha and beta); have a + end which accumulates/releases timers at a higher rate (polymerizing and depolymerizing)

54
Q

Examples of microtubules?

A

Flagella and cilia: microtubules control their beat; propellors, locomotives of cell, move things over cells or cell itself

55
Q

Flagella?

A

Bigger, usually 1/2 a cell - beats like eel (sperm)

56
Q

Cilia?

A

shorter, many on surface - rowes like an oar - on lining of uterus to move an egg

57
Q

What drives flagella and cilia movement?

A

ATP - specifically, motor protein called dynein

58
Q

Microfilament purpose?

A

maintenance of cell shape and motility, muscle contraction, bears tension

59
Q

What are microfilaments made of?

A

thin rods (two intertwined fibers) of Actin (Actin makes myosin, responsible for contracting muscles)

60
Q

Function of intermediate filaments?

A

cell shape, anchor nucleus and other organelles. used to anchor more permanent cellular fixtures

61
Q

What are intermediate filaments made from?

A

protein fibers coiled and cabled (often keratin)

62
Q

Extracellular components?

A

Cell walls; ECM; cellular junctions; reinforces cells and allows connection/communication between them

63
Q

What’s the cell wall?

A

Exclusive to plants - made from cellulose; holds plant up against gravity; sugar pressure (water) stops cells from bursting when taking in H2O

64
Q

What’s the ECM?

A

exclusive to animals - made from secreted glycoproteins (collagen) and proteoglycans
Glycoproteins bind to receptors in plasma membrane - transmits signals between ECM and cytoskeleton
Communicates and regulates cell behavior

65
Q

What’s the structure/function link of ECM?

A

Network of fibers - signaling pathways

66
Q

Plasmodesmata?

A

Exclusive to plants - channels that connect cells

67
Q

3 cellular junctions of animal cells?

A

Tight, desmosomes, and gap

68
Q

Tight Junctions?

A

water-proof connection; plasma membranes of neighboring cells are bound tightly together via proteins. Skin cells are rich

69
Q

Desmosomes?

A

For structural strength - rivet and fasten cells together via intermediate filaments
Attaches muscle cells; responsible for some muscle tears

70
Q
A

Bio 105 (5 decks)

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