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Bio 103 > photosynthesis > Flashcards

photosynthesis Flashcards

1
Q

define autotroph

A

org that produces food on its own using photos thesis or chemosynthesis

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2
Q

define heterotroph

A

orgs that eat other orgs for protein and energy

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3
Q

define photoautotroph

A

orgs that get energy form light

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4
Q

what are the primary producers on earth

A

photoautotrophs

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5
Q

what is an organic mlcl

A

having one or more c-h bond

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6
Q

what is another term for carbon fixation

A

reduction rxn

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7
Q

what is the main process of the light rxn

A

the production of tap and nadph in the thylakoid membrane

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8
Q

where do the e- needed to change nadp+ to nadph come from?

A

the oxidation of H2O

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9
Q

what is the main process of the Calvin cycle

A

the consumption of tap and nadph in the stroma

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10
Q

define carbon fixation

A

the reduction rxn as CO2 (g) is fixed into a carbohydrate (s)

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11
Q

what 2 basic particulates are used to convert tap into a carb

A
  1. e- and p carried by Nadph

E of tap hydrolysis

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12
Q

define the photosynthetic apparatus

A

a series of larger protein complexes imbedded in the thylakoid membrane that are responsible for light rxns

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13
Q

define photosystem

A

a large complex where the light absorbing pigments for photosynthesis are organized with proteins and other molecules

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14
Q

where does the Calvin cycle occur?

A

in the stroma

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15
Q

define photon

A

contain fixed amounts of energy that are inversely related to wavelength

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16
Q

how to plants capture photons

A

using pigment mlcls; chlorophylls or carotenoids

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17
Q

how many wavelengths can chlorophylls absorb?

A

2, chlorophyl a absorbs red and chlorophyll b absorbs high blue

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18
Q

what are 3 possible outcomes of excited-state e- absorption within a pigment mlcl?

A
  1. e- returns to its ground state by emitting a class energetic photon or heat E
  2. e- returns to ground state as E is transferred to another pigment mlcl
  3. e- is transferred to an e- acceptor
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19
Q

define spectrophotometer

A

an instrument used to determine wavelengths of light absorbed by pigments like chlorophyll a, which produces an absorption spectrum

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20
Q

what is an absorption spectrum

A

a curve representing the amount of light absorbed at each wavelength

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21
Q

how is an action spectrum determined

A

by measuring the amount of O2 released by photosynthesis at Dif wavelengths of visible light

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22
Q

what two light trapping components are involved in photosynthetic electron transport

A

photosystem I and photosystem II

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23
Q

what are the steps of light rxns

A
  1. photon of light enters photosystem
  2. photon hits antenna
  3. pigment mlcls transfer E down antenna
  4. special chlorophyll a mlcl excites e- and causes it to move towards an e- acceptor
  5. absored light is converted to chem E when an excited e- from chlorophyll is transferred to a primary acceptor
  6. high E e- pased through the e- transport system
  7. p motive force is genrated and can be used for ATP synthesis
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24
Q

what is the structure of the photosstem

A

pigment mlcls bound to specific proteins within thylakoid membrane, organized to create photosystems

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25
Q

what is the antenna complex

A

sites where light is absorbed and converted into them energy during photosynthesis

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26
Q

what is another term for the antenna complex

A

light harvesting complex

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27
Q

what is the function of the photosystem

A

to trap photons of light and use that E to oxidize a rxn centre chlorophyll

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28
Q

what is photosystem I

A

p700, uses sunlight to make NADPH

29
Q

what is photosystem II

A

p680, uses sunlight to make ATP

30
Q

what happens to the e- lost in photosystem II?

A

photosystem I replaces it

31
Q

what’s an example of where oxidation-reduction reactions occur?

A

in the cytochrome complex

32
Q

describe the passage of e- through the thylakoid membrane s

A
  1. e- flow from PS II to cytochrome complex
  2. e- flow from cytochrome complex to PS I by protein plastocyanin
  3. e- from PS I donated to the protein ferredoxin
  4. ferredoxin donates e- to NADP+ reductase ( on stomata side)
  5. enzyme then reduces NADP+ to NADPH
33
Q

how does the enzyme NADP+ reductase reduce NADP+ to NADPH

A

using 2e- from the electron transport system and one proton from the surrounding environment of the stromata

34
Q

How do chlorophyll mlcls give up e- if photosystems are not easily oxidized?

A

through the absorption of photons of light by raising P680 to a higher e- state

35
Q

in light rxns, how is ATP generated?

A

by Chemiosmosis

36
Q

define photophosphorylation

A

The synthesis of ATP coupled to the transfer of electrons energized by photons of light.

37
Q

how many photons of light does the photosynthetic apparatus need to absorb in order to get 4 e- from photosystem II to NADP+

A

8 photons of light (4 by each photosystem)

38
Q

what is cyclic e- transport?

A

an e- transport system that produces only ATP by shutting down PS II

39
Q

What is E used for in cyclic e- transport?

A

to establish a proton motive force to generate ATP

40
Q

why does the cell shut down photosystem II?

A

to reduce the amount of NADPH being produced by the cell bc reduction of CO2 requires more ATP than NADPH

41
Q

what is the Calvin cycle

A

The second stage of photosynthesis, in which electrons are used as a source of energy to convert inorganic CO2 to an organic form

42
Q

what is another term for light independent rxns

A

the Calvin cycle

43
Q

where does the Calvin cycle occur?

A

in the stroma of the chloroplast

44
Q

is the Calvin cycle endogenic or exogonic

A

endogenic, it uses ATP

45
Q

how many turns does the Calvin cycle take to make one sugar unit

A

3 to create 1 G3P

46
Q

what is rubisco

A

an enzyme used to seperate C from CO2 and join it to RuBP

47
Q

what are the stage of the Calvin cycle

A

fixation reduction and regeneration

48
Q

what is fixation

A

the first step off the Calvin cycle, one C from CO2 is incorporated into 1 mlcl of RuBP per turn to produce 2 mlcls fo 3-phosphoglycerate

49
Q

what is reduction

A

the second stage of the Calvin cycle, each 3-phosphoglycerate gains an additional P from breakdown of ATP, 2 mlcls of 1,3-biphosphoglycerate produced, each mlcl is reduced by e- from NADPH and one mlcl of G3P is created

50
Q

what is regeneration

A

the third step of the Calvin cycle, per one cycle 2 mlcls of G3P are produced, making 6 C atoms, 5 of these C are used to regenerate rubisco for the next cycle

51
Q

how much NADPH and ATP does the Calvin cycle require per one round

A

9 atp and 6 nadph

52
Q

what is photorespiration

A

a process that metabolizes a by-product of photosynthesis

53
Q

what occurs to the by product during photorespiration

A

it is moved out of the chloroplast using ATP

54
Q

what are some solutions to photorespiration

A

CO2 pumps for aquatic plants, C4 CO2 shuttle for terrestrial plants, Cam pathways for desert plants

55
Q

how much tap and nadph does the Calvin cycle need to make one glucose

A

18 Atp and 12 nadph

56
Q

what mechanism do aquatic plants use to counteract photorespriation

A

CO2 pumps

57
Q

where is HCO3- converted to CO2 in aquatic plants that use a CO2 pump

A

in the cytosol

58
Q

what enzyme converts HCO3- to CO2 during CO2 pumping of aquatic plants

A

carbonic anhydrase

59
Q

how are stages of the C4 pathway separated?

A

sectionally

60
Q

how are the stages of the CAM pathway separated

A

temporally

61
Q

in the CAM pathway, what processes are used during the day vs the night?

A

the Calvin cycle used during the day, the CAM pathway used during the night

62
Q

define Crassulacean Acid Metabolism (CAM)

A

a biochemical variation of photosynthesis where CO2

63
Q

what mlcl is accumulated during night for the CAM temporal pathway to use during the day

A

malate

64
Q

what mlcl is oxidized during the day to be used during the night cycle of the CAM temporal pathway

A

malate

65
Q

describe what happens during the night stage of CAM temporal seperation

A

malate accumulates and in stored in the cell vacuole

66
Q

describe what happens during the day stage of CAM temporal seperation

A

the stomata closes off to store water and malate is oxidized to release CO2 inside of the chloroplasts

67
Q

how is photorespiration minimized in CAM temporal seperation

A

Bc of high amounts of CO2 from the C4 pathway and low O2, photorespiration is minimized

68
Q

what is the relationship of O2 to CO2 in C4 and CAM plants

A

it is a competitive inhibitor

Bio 103 (5 decks)

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