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photosynthesis Flashcards

1
Q

define autotroph

A

org that produces food on its own using photos thesis or chemosynthesis

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2
Q

define heterotroph

A

orgs that eat other orgs for protein and energy

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3
Q

define photoautotroph

A

orgs that get energy form light

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4
Q

what are the primary producers on earth

A

photoautotrophs

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5
Q

what is an organic mlcl

A

having one or more c-h bond

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6
Q

what is another term for carbon fixation

A

reduction rxn

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7
Q

what is the main process of the light rxn

A

the production of tap and nadph in the thylakoid membrane

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8
Q

where do the e- needed to change nadp+ to nadph come from?

A

the oxidation of H2O

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9
Q

what is the main process of the Calvin cycle

A

the consumption of tap and nadph in the stroma

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10
Q

define carbon fixation

A

the reduction rxn as CO2 (g) is fixed into a carbohydrate (s)

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11
Q

what 2 basic particulates are used to convert tap into a carb

A
  1. e- and p carried by Nadph

E of tap hydrolysis

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12
Q

define the photosynthetic apparatus

A

a series of larger protein complexes imbedded in the thylakoid membrane that are responsible for light rxns

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13
Q

define photosystem

A

a large complex where the light absorbing pigments for photosynthesis are organized with proteins and other molecules

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14
Q

where does the Calvin cycle occur?

A

in the stroma

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15
Q

define photon

A

contain fixed amounts of energy that are inversely related to wavelength

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16
Q

how to plants capture photons

A

using pigment mlcls; chlorophylls or carotenoids

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17
Q

how many wavelengths can chlorophylls absorb?

A

2, chlorophyl a absorbs red and chlorophyll b absorbs high blue

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18
Q

what are 3 possible outcomes of excited-state e- absorption within a pigment mlcl?

A
  1. e- returns to its ground state by emitting a class energetic photon or heat E
  2. e- returns to ground state as E is transferred to another pigment mlcl
  3. e- is transferred to an e- acceptor
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19
Q

define spectrophotometer

A

an instrument used to determine wavelengths of light absorbed by pigments like chlorophyll a, which produces an absorption spectrum

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20
Q

what is an absorption spectrum

A

a curve representing the amount of light absorbed at each wavelength

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21
Q

how is an action spectrum determined

A

by measuring the amount of O2 released by photosynthesis at Dif wavelengths of visible light

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22
Q

what two light trapping components are involved in photosynthetic electron transport

A

photosystem I and photosystem II

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23
Q

what are the steps of light rxns

A
  1. photon of light enters photosystem
  2. photon hits antenna
  3. pigment mlcls transfer E down antenna
  4. special chlorophyll a mlcl excites e- and causes it to move towards an e- acceptor
  5. absored light is converted to chem E when an excited e- from chlorophyll is transferred to a primary acceptor
  6. high E e- pased through the e- transport system
  7. p motive force is genrated and can be used for ATP synthesis
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24
Q

what is the structure of the photosstem

A

pigment mlcls bound to specific proteins within thylakoid membrane, organized to create photosystems

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25
what is the antenna complex
sites where light is absorbed and converted into them energy during photosynthesis
26
what is another term for the antenna complex
light harvesting complex
27
what is the function of the photosystem
to trap photons of light and use that E to oxidize a rxn centre chlorophyll
28
what is photosystem I
p700, uses sunlight to make NADPH
29
what is photosystem II
p680, uses sunlight to make ATP
30
what happens to the e- lost in photosystem II?
photosystem I replaces it
31
what's an example of where oxidation-reduction reactions occur?
in the cytochrome complex
32
describe the passage of e- through the thylakoid membrane s
1. e- flow from PS II to cytochrome complex 2. e- flow from cytochrome complex to PS I by protein plastocyanin 3. e- from PS I donated to the protein ferredoxin 4. ferredoxin donates e- to NADP+ reductase ( on stomata side) 5. enzyme then reduces NADP+ to NADPH
33
how does the enzyme NADP+ reductase reduce NADP+ to NADPH
using 2e- from the electron transport system and one proton from the surrounding environment of the stromata
34
How do chlorophyll mlcls give up e- if photosystems are not easily oxidized?
through the absorption of photons of light by raising P680 to a higher e- state
35
in light rxns, how is ATP generated?
by Chemiosmosis
36
define photophosphorylation
The synthesis of ATP coupled to the transfer of electrons energized by photons of light.
37
how many photons of light does the photosynthetic apparatus need to absorb in order to get 4 e- from photosystem II to NADP+
8 photons of light (4 by each photosystem)
38
what is cyclic e- transport?
an e- transport system that produces only ATP by shutting down PS II
39
What is E used for in cyclic e- transport?
to establish a proton motive force to generate ATP
40
why does the cell shut down photosystem II?
to reduce the amount of NADPH being produced by the cell bc reduction of CO2 requires more ATP than NADPH
41
what is the Calvin cycle
The second stage of photosynthesis, in which electrons are used as a source of energy to convert inorganic CO2 to an organic form
42
what is another term for light independent rxns
the Calvin cycle
43
where does the Calvin cycle occur?
in the stroma of the chloroplast
44
is the Calvin cycle endogenic or exogonic
endogenic, it uses ATP
45
how many turns does the Calvin cycle take to make one sugar unit
3 to create 1 G3P
46
what is rubisco
an enzyme used to seperate C from CO2 and join it to RuBP
47
what are the stage of the Calvin cycle
fixation reduction and regeneration
48
what is fixation
the first step off the Calvin cycle, one C from CO2 is incorporated into 1 mlcl of RuBP per turn to produce 2 mlcls fo 3-phosphoglycerate
49
what is reduction
the second stage of the Calvin cycle, each 3-phosphoglycerate gains an additional P from breakdown of ATP, 2 mlcls of 1,3-biphosphoglycerate produced, each mlcl is reduced by e- from NADPH and one mlcl of G3P is created
50
what is regeneration
the third step of the Calvin cycle, per one cycle 2 mlcls of G3P are produced, making 6 C atoms, 5 of these C are used to regenerate rubisco for the next cycle
51
how much NADPH and ATP does the Calvin cycle require per one round
9 atp and 6 nadph
52
what is photorespiration
a process that metabolizes a by-product of photosynthesis
53
what occurs to the by product during photorespiration
it is moved out of the chloroplast using ATP
54
what are some solutions to photorespiration
CO2 pumps for aquatic plants, C4 CO2 shuttle for terrestrial plants, Cam pathways for desert plants
55
how much tap and nadph does the Calvin cycle need to make one glucose
18 Atp and 12 nadph
56
what mechanism do aquatic plants use to counteract photorespriation
CO2 pumps
57
where is HCO3- converted to CO2 in aquatic plants that use a CO2 pump
in the cytosol
58
what enzyme converts HCO3- to CO2 during CO2 pumping of aquatic plants
carbonic anhydrase
59
how are stages of the C4 pathway separated?
sectionally
60
how are the stages of the CAM pathway separated
temporally
61
in the CAM pathway, what processes are used during the day vs the night?
the Calvin cycle used during the day, the CAM pathway used during the night
62
define Crassulacean Acid Metabolism (CAM)
a biochemical variation of photosynthesis where CO2
63
what mlcl is accumulated during night for the CAM temporal pathway to use during the day
malate
64
what mlcl is oxidized during the day to be used during the night cycle of the CAM temporal pathway
malate
65
describe what happens during the night stage of CAM temporal seperation
malate accumulates and in stored in the cell vacuole
66
describe what happens during the day stage of CAM temporal seperation
the stomata closes off to store water and malate is oxidized to release CO2 inside of the chloroplasts
67
how is photorespiration minimized in CAM temporal seperation
Bc of high amounts of CO2 from the C4 pathway and low O2, photorespiration is minimized
68
what is the relationship of O2 to CO2 in C4 and CAM plants
it is a competitive inhibitor

Bio 103 (5 decks)

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