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Bio 103 > cellular respiration > Flashcards

cellular respiration Flashcards

1
Q

what is chemiosmosis

A

a process where ATP is formed when protons move down the concentration gradient from the mitochondrial inter membrane into the matrix

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2
Q

define catbolize

A

releasing E by breaking down large organic mlcls into smaller ones that our bodies can use

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3
Q

how is the small Ea needed in cellular respiration overcome to make ATP

A

by our body temp.

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4
Q

what is cellular respiration?

A

a collection of metabolic reactions within cells to break down food into ATP

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5
Q

what is an anabolic reaction?

A

a metabolic reaction that requires E to assemble simple substances into more complex mlcls

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6
Q

If a mlcl has more C and H bonds than O bonds, does it have higher or lower E?

A

higher E

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7
Q

if a mlcl has higher O bonds than C and H bonds, does it have High or low E

A

lower E

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8
Q

what kind of reaction does glucose undergo in cellular respiration?

A

combustion

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9
Q

does it take more E to form or break a glucose bond?

A

form

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10
Q

what is oxidation?

A

the removal of an e- from a substance

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11
Q

what is reduction?

A

the addition of e- to a substance

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12
Q

what does it mean to be oxidized?

A

refers to the substance which e- are removed from during oxidation

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13
Q

what does it mean to be reduced?

A

refers to the substance that has gained e- during reduction

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14
Q

is the e- donor reduced or oxidized?

A

oxidized

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15
Q

is the e- acceptor reduced or oxidized?

A

reduced

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16
Q

what are oxidizing agents?

A

mlcls that accept e- from the mlcl being oxidized

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17
Q

what are reducing agents

A

mlcls that lose e- to the mlcl being reduced

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18
Q

what atom is e- movement associated with during cellular respiration?

A

H+

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19
Q

when a mlcl loses an H+ atom, does it become reduced or oxidized?

A

oxidized

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20
Q

is cellular respiration exergonic or endogenic?

A

exergonic

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21
Q

what is the change in free E of cellular respiration?

A

-686 Kcal/mol

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22
Q

what are dehydrogenase? give examples.

A

a group of enzymes that oxidize food mlcls by facillitating e- from food mlcls to a mlcl acting as an E carrier, for example NAD+/NADH

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23
Q

Is NAD+ oxidized or reduced?

A

oxidize

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24
Q

Is NADH oxidized or reduced?

A

reduced

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25
Q

what are the steps of cellular respiration

A
  1. glycolysis
  2. Pyruvate oxidation and citric acid cycle
  3. Oxidative phosphorylation
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26
Q

give an overview of glycolysis

A

enzymes break down glucose into 2 pyruvate, some atp and nadh is synthesized

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27
Q

give an overview of pyruvate oxidation and the citric acid cycle

A

pyruvate undergoes oxidation into Aceytl-CoA and enters the metabolic cycle, where it is completely oxidized into CO2, some ATP and NADH are synthesized

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28
Q

give an overview of oxidative phosphorylation

A

NADH from the glycolysis and the citric acid cycle is oxidized and its e- are passed along the e- transport chain to “O” and create H2O, free E from the e- transport chain generates a proton gradient across the membrane and ATP is produced

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29
Q

where does pyruvate oxidation and the citric acid cycle take place within the mitocghondria

A

in the matrix

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30
Q

where does e- transfer and ATP synthesis occur in the mitochondria

A

in the inner mitochondrial membrane

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31
Q

what is the goal of cellular respiration

A

to transform potential energy from food mlcls into ATP

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32
Q

where does glycolysis occur

A

in the cytosol

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33
Q

Does glycolysis require O2?

34
Q

Is glucose oxidized or reduce during glycolysis

35
Q

where are the steps of glycolysis in order

A
  1. energy requiring

2. energy releasing

36
Q

describe step one of glycolyis

A
  1. glucose spends 2 ATP ti gain a P group
  2. glucose reaaranges itself
  3. glucose rearranges itself again
  4. fructose-1,6-biphosphste splits into 2 G3P
37
Q

describe step 2 of glycolysis

A
  1. NADH captures NAD+
  2. ADP sticks a P to ATP
  3. intermediate stage where rearranging occurs
  4. pEP is produced and generates another ATP
38
Q

How many times does step two of glycolysis occur?

A

twice for each mlcl of glucose (for each mlcl of G3P)

39
Q

what are the products of glycolysis

A

2 pyruvate, 4 ATP, 2NADH

40
Q

`How much C is lost in glycolysis

A

no C is lost

41
Q

What is substrate level phosphorlation?

A

in glycolysis, when a P group is transferred directly from a high E donor (PEP) to ADP to form ATP

42
Q

what is PEP?

A

an intermediate mlcl in glycolysis that joins with a P group to create a pyruvate and generates ATP

43
Q

what is stage two of cellular respiration?

A

pyruvate oxidation and the citric acid cycle

44
Q

what is pyruvate oxidation

A

the transfer of pyruvate across the inner mitochondrial membrane into the matrix

45
Q

how is pyruvate transferred across the inner mitochondrial membrane and into the matrix?

A

by a transfer proteon

46
Q

what are the steps of pyruvate oxidation?

A
  1. the carboxyl group of a pyruvate is lost as CO2
  2. oxidation of the remaining 2 C mlcls occurs
  3. Acetate is produced
  4. step three leads to NAD+ —> NADH
  5. acetyl-CoA is produced
47
Q

what is the end product of pyruvate oxidation

A

Acetyl-CoA

48
Q

what is the oil of the citric Acid Cycle

A

to liberate free e- stored in acetyl-CoA

49
Q

what is Aceytl-Coa

A

a transport mechanism that is reused and facilitates in there Citric Acid Cycle (NOT A PROTEIN)

50
Q

what is the remains C in glucose converted into during the Citric Acid Cycle?

51
Q

what are the products per one turn of the citric acid cycle

A

3 NADH, 1 ATP, 1 FADH2

52
Q

how does the cell gain E during the citric acid cycle

A

by converting GDP, which is unusable for the cell, into ATP

53
Q

what are prosthetic groups? give an example.

A

redox-active cofactors that alternate between reduced and oxidized states as they accept e- from upstream mlcls and sub sequentially donate e- to downstream mlcls, for example heme

54
Q

before the ETC, how many NADH and FADH2 does one mlcl of glucose have?

A

10 NADH and 2FADH2

55
Q

how many ATP are produced from complete oxidation of a single glucose mlcl

56
Q

what is the driving force of the e- transport chain?

A

NADH has high Ep bc it has high E e-, so it can be readily oxidized, whereas O2 is strong electronegative and can be easily reduced, so e- movement down the chain is thermodynamically spontaneous down a free E gradient

57
Q

what is stage 3 of cellular respiration?

A

Oxidative phosphorylation

58
Q

what does oxidative phosphorylation consist of?

A

the ETC and the ATP synthase

59
Q

what is the goal of oxidative phosphorylation?

A

to extract the Ep from NADH and FADH2 to synthesize additional ATP during cellular respiration

60
Q

what is UQ

A

a hydrophobic mlcl found in the core of the membrane that shuttles e- from complex i to complex iii in oxidative phosphorylation

61
Q

what is cytochrome C

A

a transmembrane mlcl located on the inter membrane side of the mitochondria that transfers e- from complex iii to complex iiii during oxidative phosphorylation

62
Q

is oxidative phosphorylation endogonic or exogonic

63
Q

describe the usage of ATP in the ETC

A

Atp is not produced, but spent to pump H+ across the gradient

64
Q

describe the redox rxns that take place down the ETC

A

reduction is followed by oxidation down the chain, until O2 is reduced to H2O

65
Q

what causes the proton motive force during there ETC

A

when NADH is oxidized, it loses an e- and causes H+ to move across its diffusion gradient, which creates an electrical difference causing the proton motive force

66
Q

define chemiosmosis

A

the ability of cells to use the p motive force to do work

67
Q

define the proton motive force

A

stored E that contributes to ATP synthesis and transport of mlcls across the mitochondria

68
Q

define oxidative phosphorylation

A

the synthesis of ATP, where ATP synthase uses a H+ gradient built by the e- transport system as an E source

69
Q

what is the ATP synthase

A

a membrane protein complex that moves p across its membrane to create ATP

70
Q

How much ATP and CO2 is theoretically produced from the oxidation of one glucose in bacteria?

A

38ATP and 6CO2

71
Q

what is the maximum theoretical yield of ATP in eukaryotes?

72
Q

why is max ATP yield rarely achieved? (3 reasons)

A
  1. Transporting NADH by glycolysis into mitochondria costs E
  2. p are lost through the inner mitochondrial membrane rather than the ATP synthase
  3. the p motive force is used for other things (eg. transporting pyruvate from glycolysis into the matrix)
73
Q

what % of ATP is usually successfully generated from glucose?

A

38% of ATP

74
Q

how much ATP is produced from the catabolism of triglycerides?

75
Q

what kind of molecules do respiratory intermediates supply the C backbone for?

A

Growth factors, hormones, prosthetic groups and other cofactors essential to cell growth

76
Q

how are metabolic pathways regulated?

A

by supply and demand through feedback inhibtion

77
Q

define feedback inhibition

A

when the end products of a pathway inhibit an enzyme early in the pathway

78
Q

what is the allosteric inhibitor of the enzyme photofructokinase in cellular respiration?

A

ATP is the allosteric inhibitor

79
Q

what are the two processes where cellular respiration can occur in the absence of oxygen?

A

fermentation and anaerobic respiration

80
Q

what stage is ATP generated in through fermentation

A

glycolysis

81
Q

how much ATP do fermentation and anaerobic respiration yield?

A

fermentation yields -2 ATP

anaerobic fermentation yield 36 ATP

82
Q

what is fermentation

A

when a lack of O2 prevents the pyruvate from entering the Krebs cycle, so ATP is instead generated through glycolysis

Bio 103 (5 decks)

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