Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Bio 103 > cellular respiration > Flashcards

cellular respiration Flashcards

1
Q

what is chemiosmosis

A

a process where ATP is formed when protons move down the concentration gradient from the mitochondrial inter membrane into the matrix

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

define catbolize

A

releasing E by breaking down large organic mlcls into smaller ones that our bodies can use

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

how is the small Ea needed in cellular respiration overcome to make ATP

A

by our body temp.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what is cellular respiration?

A

a collection of metabolic reactions within cells to break down food into ATP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what is an anabolic reaction?

A

a metabolic reaction that requires E to assemble simple substances into more complex mlcls

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

If a mlcl has more C and H bonds than O bonds, does it have higher or lower E?

A

higher E

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

if a mlcl has higher O bonds than C and H bonds, does it have High or low E

A

lower E

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what kind of reaction does glucose undergo in cellular respiration?

A

combustion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

does it take more E to form or break a glucose bond?

A

form

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what is oxidation?

A

the removal of an e- from a substance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what is reduction?

A

the addition of e- to a substance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what does it mean to be oxidized?

A

refers to the substance which e- are removed from during oxidation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what does it mean to be reduced?

A

refers to the substance that has gained e- during reduction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

is the e- donor reduced or oxidized?

A

oxidized

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

is the e- acceptor reduced or oxidized?

A

reduced

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what are oxidizing agents?

A

mlcls that accept e- from the mlcl being oxidized

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what are reducing agents

A

mlcls that lose e- to the mlcl being reduced

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what atom is e- movement associated with during cellular respiration?

A

H+

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

when a mlcl loses an H+ atom, does it become reduced or oxidized?

A

oxidized

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

is cellular respiration exergonic or endogenic?

A

exergonic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what is the change in free E of cellular respiration?

A

-686 Kcal/mol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what are dehydrogenase? give examples.

A

a group of enzymes that oxidize food mlcls by facillitating e- from food mlcls to a mlcl acting as an E carrier, for example NAD+/NADH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Is NAD+ oxidized or reduced?

A

oxidize

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Is NADH oxidized or reduced?

A

reduced

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
what are the steps of cellular respiration
1. glycolysis 2. Pyruvate oxidation and citric acid cycle 3. Oxidative phosphorylation
26
give an overview of glycolysis
enzymes break down glucose into 2 pyruvate, some atp and nadh is synthesized
27
give an overview of pyruvate oxidation and the citric acid cycle
pyruvate undergoes oxidation into Aceytl-CoA and enters the metabolic cycle, where it is completely oxidized into CO2, some ATP and NADH are synthesized
28
give an overview of oxidative phosphorylation
NADH from the glycolysis and the citric acid cycle is oxidized and its e- are passed along the e- transport chain to "O" and create H2O, free E from the e- transport chain generates a proton gradient across the membrane and ATP is produced
29
where does pyruvate oxidation and the citric acid cycle take place within the mitocghondria
in the matrix
30
where does e- transfer and ATP synthesis occur in the mitochondria
in the inner mitochondrial membrane
31
what is the goal of cellular respiration
to transform potential energy from food mlcls into ATP
32
where does glycolysis occur
in the cytosol
33
Does glycolysis require O2?
no
34
Is glucose oxidized or reduce during glycolysis
oxidized
35
where are the steps of glycolysis in order
1. energy requiring | 2. energy releasing
36
describe step one of glycolyis
1. glucose spends 2 ATP ti gain a P group 2. glucose reaaranges itself 3. glucose rearranges itself again 4. fructose-1,6-biphosphste splits into 2 G3P
37
describe step 2 of glycolysis
1. NADH captures NAD+ 2. ADP sticks a P to ATP 3. intermediate stage where rearranging occurs 4. pEP is produced and generates another ATP
38
How many times does step two of glycolysis occur?
twice for each mlcl of glucose (for each mlcl of G3P)
39
what are the products of glycolysis
2 pyruvate, 4 ATP, 2NADH
40
`How much C is lost in glycolysis
no C is lost
41
What is substrate level phosphorlation?
in glycolysis, when a P group is transferred directly from a high E donor (PEP) to ADP to form ATP
42
what is PEP?
an intermediate mlcl in glycolysis that joins with a P group to create a pyruvate and generates ATP
43
what is stage two of cellular respiration?
pyruvate oxidation and the citric acid cycle
44
what is pyruvate oxidation
the transfer of pyruvate across the inner mitochondrial membrane into the matrix
45
how is pyruvate transferred across the inner mitochondrial membrane and into the matrix?
by a transfer proteon
46
what are the steps of pyruvate oxidation?
1. the carboxyl group of a pyruvate is lost as CO2 2. oxidation of the remaining 2 C mlcls occurs 3. Acetate is produced 4. step three leads to NAD+ ---> NADH 5. acetyl-CoA is produced
47
what is the end product of pyruvate oxidation
Acetyl-CoA
48
what is the oil of the citric Acid Cycle
to liberate free e- stored in acetyl-CoA
49
what is Aceytl-Coa
a transport mechanism that is reused and facilitates in there Citric Acid Cycle (NOT A PROTEIN)
50
what is the remains C in glucose converted into during the Citric Acid Cycle?
glucose
51
what are the products per one turn of the citric acid cycle
3 NADH, 1 ATP, 1 FADH2
52
how does the cell gain E during the citric acid cycle
by converting GDP, which is unusable for the cell, into ATP
53
what are prosthetic groups? give an example.
redox-active cofactors that alternate between reduced and oxidized states as they accept e- from upstream mlcls and sub sequentially donate e- to downstream mlcls, for example heme
54
before the ETC, how many NADH and FADH2 does one mlcl of glucose have?
10 NADH and 2FADH2
55
how many ATP are produced from complete oxidation of a single glucose mlcl
32 ATP
56
what is the driving force of the e- transport chain?
NADH has high Ep bc it has high E e-, so it can be readily oxidized, whereas O2 is strong electronegative and can be easily reduced, so e- movement down the chain is thermodynamically spontaneous down a free E gradient
57
what is stage 3 of cellular respiration?
Oxidative phosphorylation
58
what does oxidative phosphorylation consist of?
the ETC and the ATP synthase
59
what is the goal of oxidative phosphorylation?
to extract the Ep from NADH and FADH2 to synthesize additional ATP during cellular respiration
60
what is UQ
a hydrophobic mlcl found in the core of the membrane that shuttles e- from complex i to complex iii in oxidative phosphorylation
61
what is cytochrome C
a transmembrane mlcl located on the inter membrane side of the mitochondria that transfers e- from complex iii to complex iiii during oxidative phosphorylation
62
is oxidative phosphorylation endogonic or exogonic
exogonic
63
describe the usage of ATP in the ETC
Atp is not produced, but spent to pump H+ across the gradient
64
describe the redox rxns that take place down the ETC
reduction is followed by oxidation down the chain, until O2 is reduced to H2O
65
what causes the proton motive force during there ETC
when NADH is oxidized, it loses an e- and causes H+ to move across its diffusion gradient, which creates an electrical difference causing the proton motive force
66
define chemiosmosis
the ability of cells to use the p motive force to do work
67
define the proton motive force
stored E that contributes to ATP synthesis and transport of mlcls across the mitochondria
68
define oxidative phosphorylation
the synthesis of ATP, where ATP synthase uses a H+ gradient built by the e- transport system as an E source
69
what is the ATP synthase
a membrane protein complex that moves p across its membrane to create ATP
70
How much ATP and CO2 is theoretically produced from the oxidation of one glucose in bacteria?
38ATP and 6CO2
71
what is the maximum theoretical yield of ATP in eukaryotes?
36 ATP
72
why is max ATP yield rarely achieved? (3 reasons)
1. Transporting NADH by glycolysis into mitochondria costs E 2. p are lost through the inner mitochondrial membrane rather than the ATP synthase 3. the p motive force is used for other things (eg. transporting pyruvate from glycolysis into the matrix)
73
what % of ATP is usually successfully generated from glucose?
38% of ATP
74
how much ATP is produced from the catabolism of triglycerides?
432 ATP
75
what kind of molecules do respiratory intermediates supply the C backbone for?
Growth factors, hormones, prosthetic groups and other cofactors essential to cell growth
76
how are metabolic pathways regulated?
by supply and demand through feedback inhibtion
77
define feedback inhibition
when the end products of a pathway inhibit an enzyme early in the pathway
78
what is the allosteric inhibitor of the enzyme photofructokinase in cellular respiration?
ATP is the allosteric inhibitor
79
what are the two processes where cellular respiration can occur in the absence of oxygen?
fermentation and anaerobic respiration
80
what stage is ATP generated in through fermentation
glycolysis
81
how much ATP do fermentation and anaerobic respiration yield?
fermentation yields -2 ATP | anaerobic fermentation yield 36 ATP
82
what is fermentation
when a lack of O2 prevents the pyruvate from entering the Krebs cycle, so ATP is instead generated through glycolysis

Bio 103 (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions