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English Language > Phonology - Language Levels > Flashcards

Phonology - Language Levels Flashcards

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1
Q

Phonology

A

The conceptual study of the sound system; how speech sounds are put together and how they are stored in the mind.

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2
Q

Phonetics

A

The sound of speech; how speech sounds are physically articulated and received.

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3
Q

Phoneme

A

The basic / smallest unit of sound from which language is constructed.

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4
Q

A non-phonetic language

A

Words whose pronunciation and spelling do not match.

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5
Q

Grapheme

A

The smallest meaningful contrastive unit in a writing system. E.g. a letter.

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6
Q

Syllable

A

A single unit of speech or subdivision of a word.
Phonemes combine together to make syllables.

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7
Q

Phonetic Spelling

A

A system of spelling in which each letter represents one spoken sound.

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8
Q

Voiced Sounds

A

Speech sounds produced with the vocal cords vibrating - all vowel sounds.

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9
Q

Unvoiced Sounds

A

Consonant sounds that are made without vibrating the vocal cords.

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10
Q

Diphthong

A

A sound formed by the combination of two vowels into a single syllable in which the sound begins as one vowel and moves towards another as a ‘gliding vowel’.

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11
Q

Received Pronunciation (RP)

A

A social accent.
An accent traditionally associated with high social status - ‘Received’ refers to the idea of social acceptance in official circles.
The English phonemic alphabet is based of RP.

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12
Q

International Phonetic Alphabet

A

Is a way of categorising and labelling sounds. It includes 107 sounds - constantly evolving.

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13
Q

Vowels

A

Voiced sounds.
Open speech sound.
A, E, I, O, U.

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14
Q

Consonants

A

Unvoiced Sounds.
Speech sound with breath at least partly obstructed.
B, C, D, F, G, etc.

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15
Q

The Place of Articulation

A

Is the physical location in the vocal tract that a phoneme is produced in, and kinds of articulatory movements that are involved in producing a sound.

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16
Q

Articulators

A

The vocal organs about the larynx including the lips, teeth, tongue, and hard palate that help form sounds.

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17
Q

Dental

A

Speech sounds produced by the tongue against the upper front teeth.

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18
Q

Labiodental

A

Speech sounds produced by the lower lip and the upper teeth.

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19
Q

Bilabial

A

Speech sounds produced by the upper and lower lips.

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20
Q

Alveolar

A

Speech sounds produced by the tongue close to or touching the ridge behind the teeth on the roof of the mouth.

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21
Q

Post-Alveolar

A

Speech sounds produced by the tongue on the roof of the mouth behind the alveolar ridge.

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22
Q

Palatal

A

Speech sounds produced by the tongue raising up towards the hard palate.

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23
Q

Velar

A

Speech sounds produced by the back of the tongue touching or approaching the soft palate (velum) the back of the roof of the mouth.

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24
Q

Glottal

A

Speech sounds produced using the glottis in the throat.

25
Q

Manner of Articulation

A

The physical way of making a sound by how air moves through the vocal tract.

26
Q

Plosives

A

Plosives involve a complete closure, where the vocal articulators fully meet and air flow is stopped.
This creates the ‘explosion’ of sound - the loudest.

27
Q

Voiceless Plosives

A

Not using the vocal cords.
/t/ /k/ /p/

28
Q

Voiced Plosives

A

Using the vocal cords.
/d/ /g/ /b/

29
Q

Fricatives

A

Fricatives involve a lesser obstruction where air is forced through a steady stream, resulting in a friction and a continuous sound.

30
Q

Voiceless Fricatives

A

Not using the vocal cords.
/f/ /s/ /h/ /θ/ /ʃ/

31
Q

Voiced Fricatives

A

Using the vocal cords.
/v/ /z/ /ð/ /ʒ/

32
Q

Affricates

A

They have double symbols to represent that each one is a plosive followed by a fricative.

33
Q

What are the two affricate sounds in English?

A

There are only two consonants affricate sounds in the English Language:
/tʃ/ (as in church) - is voiceless
/dʒ/ (as in judge) - is voiced

34
Q

Nasals

A

Nasal sounds are produced by air coming out through the nose rather than the mouth.
Nasal sounds include:
/m/ /n/ /ŋ/

35
Q

Laterals

A

Lateral sounds or ‘liquid’ sounds are made by placing the tip of the tongue on the teeth ridge sending air down the sides of the mouth.
The only sound in English is /l/

36
Q

Approximants

A

Approximants involve less contact between the organs of speech than the other consonants. The final 3 consonants /r/ /w/ /j/ are grouped together because they share the property of being midway between consonants and vowels.
They are always voiced.

37
Q

Glottal

A

It is a closure of the vocal cords, resulting in shutting off the airstream known as a glottal stop. It is sometimes produced as an alternative to certain plosive sounds.
The only glottal stop sound in English is /h/

38
Q

Prosody

A

The patterns of stress and intonation in a language.

39
Q

Pitch

A

In speech, the relative highness or lowness of voice.

40
Q

Intonation / Inflection

A

The rise and fall of the voice in speech.

41
Q

Prosody / Prosodics

A

The melody that our voices create via prosodic aspects such as rhythm and intonation.

42
Q

Rhythm

A

The timing pattern of individual syllables.

43
Q

Stress

A

The prominence of individual syllables.

44
Q

Volume

A

Difference in volume (how loud or quiet the sound is) can convey a number of emotions and emphasising certain words that the speaker wants to emphasise.

45
Q

Speed

A

Speeding up might convey a speaker’s excitement or anger, while slowing down might convey their uncertainty or a lack of commitment towards a proposition.

46
Q

Paralanguage

A

Aspects of an individual’s vocal expression, such as whispering, laughter and breathiness.

47
Q

Non-verbal behaviour

A

The same sentence can have different communicative meanings depending on the choice of prosody. Such as eye contact and facial expression.

48
Q

Linguistic iconicity

A

Is the similarity or analogy between a linguistic sign and its meaning, as opposed to arbitrariness.

49
Q

Sound Symbolism

A

Is the perceptual similarity between speech sounds and concept meanings. It is a form of linguistic iconicity.

50
Q

Consonance

A

A pattern of repeated consonant sounds.

51
Q

Assonance

A

A pattern of repeated vowel sounds.

52
Q

Sibilance

A

A pattern of repeated fricative sounds especially /s/ for effect.

53
Q

Onomatopoeia

A

Is a form of sound symbolism.
The formation of a word from a sound associated with what is named.

54
Q

Lexical Onomatopoeia

A

Words that have some associated meaning between their sound and what they represent.

55
Q

Non-lexical Onomatopoeia

A

‘Non-words’ that nonetheless are intended to signify some meaning through their sound. E.g. ‘brrrm’ to describe the noise of a car.

56
Q

The ‘takate-maluma’ effect

A

A cognitive neuroscience phenomenon that links certain language sounds with angular or rounded shapes.
That sonorants /m/ /n/ /l/ were associated with round shapes. Voiceless stops (e.g. /p/ /t/ /k/) were associated with sharp shapes. Association between certain phonemes and either visual roundness or sharpness.

57
Q

Heterophones

A

Words that have the same spelling but very different pronunciations and meaning. E.g. present and present.

58
Q

Homophones

A

Words that are pronounced the same but have different meanings and may have different spellings. E.g. there and their.

English Language (8 decks)

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