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English Language all Terms Flashcards

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1
Q

Metalanguage

A

Using language about language.

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2
Q

Semiotics

A

Is the idea of ‘Signifier & Signified’ is what is known as semiotics. It is all about signs (which can be words) and their meanings or interpretations.

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3
Q

Discourse Event

A

An act of communication occurring in a specific time and location involving writers/speakers and readers/listeners.

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4
Q

Text

A

A rich and complex act of communication that we can call a ‘discourse event’ - it has a text producer (writer/speaker) and a text receiver (readers/listeners) engaged in the process of making meaning.

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4
Q

Text Producer

A

The person or people responsible for creating a text.

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5
Q

Text Receiver

A

The person or people interpreting the text.

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6
Q

Mode

A

The physical channel of communication - either speech or writing.

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7
Q

Oppositional View

A

A way of defining the difference between modes by arguing that they have completely different features.

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8
Q

Continuum

A

A sequence in which elements that are next to each other are not noticeably different but elements at the opposite end are very different from each other.

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9
Q

Intertextuality

A

A process by which texts borrow from or refer to conventions of other texts for a specific purpose and effect.

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9
Q

Blended-Mode

A

A text which contains conventional elements of both speech and writing.

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9
Q

Genre

A

Genres of language, grouping texts based on expected shared conventions.

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10
Q

Lexis

A

All the words in a language. Plus new words and language change.

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11
Q

Denotation

A

The literal meaning (in the dictionary)

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12
Q

Connotation

A

The suggested meaning behind words.

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13
Q

Etymology

A

The study of the origin of words and the way in which their meanings have changed throughout history.

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14
Q

Lexical Item

A

A single word

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15
Q

Collocation

A

Two words that ‘go together’. E.g. pay attention or fast food.

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16
Q

Phonology

A

The conceptual study of the sound system; how speech sounds are put together and how they are stored in the mind.

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17
Q

Pragmatics

A

The branch of linguistics dealing with language in use and the contexts in which it is used, including such Deixis (form/expression) the taking turns in conversation, text, organisation, presupposition and implicature (action of implying).
4 types of Pragmatics: speech acts, conventional implicature, rhetorical structure, managing the flow of reference in discourse.

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18
Q

Phonetics

A

The sound of speech; how speech sounds are physically articulated and received.

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19
Q

Phoneme

A

The basic / smallest unit of sound from which language is constructed.

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20
Q

A non-phonetic language

A

Words whose pronunciation and spelling do not match.

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21
Q

Grapheme

A

The smallest meaningful contrastive unit in a writing system. E.g. a letter.

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22
Q

Syllable

A

A single unit of speech or subdivision of a word.
Phonemes combine together to make syllables.

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23
Q

Phonetic Spelling

A

A system of spelling in which each letter represents one spoken sound.

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24
Q

Voiced Sounds

A

Speech sounds produced with the vocal cords vibrating - all vowel sounds.

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25
Q

Unvoiced Sounds

A

Consonant sounds that are made without vibrating the vocal cords.

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26
Q

Diphthong

A

A sound formed by the combination of two vowels into a single syllable in which the sound begins as one vowel and moves towards another as a ‘gliding vowel’.

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27
Q

Received Pronunciation (RP)

A

A social accent.
An accent traditionally associated with high social status - ‘Received’ refers to the idea of social acceptance in official circles.
The English phonemic alphabet is based of RP.

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28
Q

International Phonetic Alphabet

A

Is a way of categorising and labelling sounds. It includes 107 sounds - constantly evolving.

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29
Q

Vowels

A

Voiced sounds.
Open speech sound.
A, E, I, O, U.

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30
Q

Consonants

A

Unvoiced Sounds.
Speech sound with breath at least partly obstructed.
B, C, D, F, G, etc.

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31
Q

The Place of Articulation

A

Is the physical location in the vocal tract that a phoneme is produced in, and kinds of articulatory movements that are involved in producing a sound.

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32
Q

Articulators

A

The vocal organs about the larynx including the lips, teeth, tongue, and hard palate that help form sounds.

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33
Q

Semantics

A

Words and their meanings.

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34
Q

Semantic Field

A

Group of terms from the same domain.

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35
Q

Synonymy

A

Lexical items with similar semantic value/meaning.

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36
Q

Antonymy

A

Lexical items with opposite semantic value.

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37
Q

Hyponymy

A

The hierarchical structure that exists between lexical items (words holding more or less power than other words).

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38
Q

Neologism

A

A newly coined word or expression.

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39
Q

To Coin

A

To invent a new word or phrase.

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40
Q

Portmanteau

A

A word blending the sounds and combining the meaning of two others. E.g. ‘Brexit’

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41
Q

Acronym

A

An Abbreviation formed from the initial letters of other words and pronounced as a word. E.g. LASAR, NASA.

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42
Q

Idiom

A

A figurative expression. A group of words meaning something different to the lexical items from which it comprises.

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43
Q

Euphemism

A

A mild or indirect word or expression substituted for one considered to be too harsh or blunt when referring to something unpleasant or embarrassing. A type of Idiom.

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44
Q

Linguistic Taboo

A

Any element of a language bearing a quality that renders in intrinsically impolite or forbidden.

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45
Q

Dysphemism

A

A derogatory or unpleasant term used instead of a pleasant or neutral one.

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46
Q

Dental

A

Speech sounds produced by the tongue against the upper front teeth.

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47
Q

Labiodental

A

Speech sounds produced by the lower lip and the upper teeth.

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48
Q

Bilabial

A

Speech sounds produced by the upper and lower lips.

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49
Q

Alveolar

A

Speech sounds produced by the tongue close to or touching the ridge behind the teeth on the roof of the mouth.

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50
Q

Post-Alveolar

A

Speech sounds produced by the tongue on the roof of the mouth behind the alveolar ridge.

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51
Q

Palatal

A

Speech sounds produced by the tongue raising up towards the hard palate.

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52
Q

Velar

A

Speech sounds produced by the back of the tongue touching or approaching the soft palate (velum) the back of the roof of the mouth.

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53
Q

Glottal

A

Speech sounds produced using the glottis in the throat.

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54
Q

Manner of Articulation

A

The physical way of making a sound by how air moves through the vocal tract.

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55
Q

Plosives

A

Plosives involve a complete closure, where the vocal articulators fully meet and air flow is stopped.
This creates the ‘explosion’ of sound - the loudest.

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56
Q

Voiceless Plosives

A

Not using the vocal cords.
/t/ /k/ /p/

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57
Q

Voiced Plosives

A

Using the vocal cords.
/d/ /g/ /b/

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58
Q

Fricatives

A

Fricatives involve a lesser obstruction where air is forced through a steady stream, resulting in a friction and a continuous sound.

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59
Q

Voiceless Fricatives

A

Not using the vocal cords.
/f/ /s/ /h/ /θ/ /ʃ/

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60
Q

Voiced Fricatives

A

Using the vocal cords.
/v/ /z/ /ð/ /ʒ/

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61
Q

Affricates

A

They have double symbols to represent that each one is a plosive followed by a fricative.

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62
Q

What are the two affricate sounds in English?

A

There are only two consonants affricate sounds in the English Language:
/tʃ/ (as in church) - is voiceless
/dʒ/ (as in judge) - is voiced

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63
Q

Nasals

A

Nasal sounds are produced by air coming out through the nose rather than the mouth.
Nasal sounds include:
/m/ /n/ /ŋ/

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64
Q

Laterals

A

Lateral sounds or ‘liquid’ sounds are made by placing the tip of the tongue on the teeth ridge sending air down the sides of the mouth.
The only sound in English is /l/

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65
Q

Approximants

A

Approximants involve less contact between the organs of speech than the other consonants. The final 3 consonants /r/ /w/ /j/ are grouped together because they share the property of being midway between consonants and vowels.
They are always voiced.

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66
Q

Glottal

A

It is a closure of the vocal cords, resulting in shutting off the airstream known as a glottal stop. It is sometimes produced as an alternative to certain plosive sounds.
The only glottal stop sound in English is /h/

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67
Q

Prosody

A

The patterns of stress and intonation in a language.

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68
Q

Pitch

A

In speech, the relative highness or lowness of voice.

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69
Q

Intonation / Inflection

A

The rise and fall of the voice in speech.

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70
Q

Prosody / Prosodics

A

The melody that our voices create via prosodic aspects such as rhythm and intonation.

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71
Q

Rhythm

A

The timing pattern of individual syllables.

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72
Q

Stress

A

The prominence of individual syllables.

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73
Q

Volume

A

Difference in volume (how loud or quiet the sound is) can convey a number of emotions and emphasising certain words that the speaker wants to emphasise.

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74
Q

Speed

A

Speeding up might convey a speaker’s excitement or anger, while slowing down might convey their uncertainty or a lack of commitment towards a proposition.

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75
Q

Paralanguage

A

Aspects of an individual’s vocal expression, such as whispering, laughter and breathiness.

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76
Q

Non-verbal behaviour

A

The same sentence can have different communicative meanings depending on the choice of prosody. Such as eye contact and facial expression.

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77
Q

Linguistic iconicity

A

Is the similarity or analogy between a linguistic sign and its meaning, as opposed to arbitrariness.

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78
Q

Sound Symbolism

A

Is the perceptual similarity between speech sounds and concept meanings. It is a form of linguistic iconicity.

79
Q

Consonance

A

A pattern of repeated consonant sounds.

80
Q

Assonance

A

A pattern of repeated vowel sounds.

81
Q

Sibilance

A

A pattern of repeated fricative sounds especially /s/ for effect.

82
Q

Onomatopoeia

A

Is a form of sound symbolism.
The formation of a word from a sound associated with what is named.

83
Q

Lexical Onomatopoeia

A

Words that have some associated meaning between their sound and what they represent.

84
Q

Non-lexical Onomatopoeia

A

‘Non-words’ that nonetheless are intended to signify some meaning through their sound. E.g. ‘brrrm’ to describe the noise of a car.

85
Q

The ‘takate-maluma’ effect

A

A cognitive neuroscience phenomenon that links certain language sounds with angular or rounded shapes.
That sonorants /m/ /n/ /l/ were associated with round shapes. Voiceless stops (e.g. /p/ /t/ /k/) were associated with sharp shapes. Association between certain phonemes and either visual roundness or sharpness.

86
Q

Heterophones

A

Words that have the same spelling but very different pronunciations and meaning. E.g. present and present.

87
Q

Homophones

A

Words that are pronounced the same but have different meanings and may have different spellings. E.g. there and their.

88
Q

Pragmatics (long definition)

A

The branch of linguistics dealing with language in use and the contexts in which it is used, including such Deixis (form/expression) the taking turns in conversation, text, organisation, presupposition and implicature (action of implying).
4 types of Pragmatics: speech acts, conventional implicature, rhetorical structure, managing the flow of reference in discourse.

89
Q

Pragmatics (short)

A

The Study of implied meaning. Meanings below the surface.

90
Q

What are the 4 types of Pragmatics

A

4 types of Pragmatics: speech acts, conventional implicature, rhetorical structure, managing the flow of reference in discourse.

91
Q

Pragmatics

A

The Study of language in use and the contexts in which it is used in, the contextual factors that influence meaning.

92
Q

Linguistic Context

A

Context within words and grammar - what has been said before.

93
Q

Physical Context

A

Objects surrounding the communication as well as place and time.

94
Q

Utterance

A

A segment of speech

95
Q

Schema

A

A bundle of knowledge about a concept, person or event.

96
Q

Cooperative Priniciple

A

The general principle that people work together to communicate. (assumption)

97
Q

Conversational (Grice’s) Maxims

A

Explicit principle that provide a backdrop for conversation to take place so that speakers can easily understand one another.

98
Q

The Maxim of Quantity

A

Do not say too little or too much.

99
Q

The Maxim of Quality

A

Speak the truth - be honest.

100
Q

The Maxim of Relevance

A

Keep what is being discussed relevant to the topic at hand.

101
Q

The Maxim of Manner

A

Be clear, concise and avoid ambiguity.

102
Q

Flout

A

Openly disregard. In terms of Maxims ‘flout’ is used when a speaker breaks a maxim(s) either for a specific reason such as others will understand / for comedic effect.

103
Q

Implicature

A

An implied meaning that has to be inferred by a speaker as a result of knowing the maxims are being broken.

104
Q

Grammar

A

The whole organisation and structure of a language - sentences and words.

105
Q

Prescriptivist

A

If you take this approach it means you focus on the rules of grammar and believe in being correct and accurate.

106
Q

Descriptivist

A

If you take this approach it means you focus on how language is actually used. You accept that language changes and that there is no right way to speak or write.

107
Q

Syntax

A

x1 Main area of Grammar.
How words (lexical items) are ordered into phrases, clauses and sentences.

108
Q

Morphology

A

x1 Main area of Grammar.
The study of word formation and the meaningful parts of words.

109
Q

Morpheme

A

The smallest element of meaning smaller than a word.

110
Q

Morpheme (long definition)

A

A word or a part of a word that has meaning. It cannot be divided into smaller meaningful segments without changing its meaning or leaving a meaningless remainder.

111
Q

Affix - Prefix

A

A morpheme placed before another.

112
Q

Root

A

The most basic part of a word - it has NO prefixes or suffixes.

113
Q

Affix - Suffix

A

A morpheme placed after another.

114
Q

Inflectional Function

A

A function of an Affix.
When an affix changes grammatical function of the word but not its meaning. E.g. tense.

115
Q

Derivational Function

A

A function of an Affix.
When an affix creates a new word with a new meaning.

116
Q

Politeness Theory

A

Politeness assumes that we all have face, and we all have face wants and needs. There are different types of face threatened in various face-threatening acts, and sometimes the face threats are to the hearer or to the speaker. When a face is threatened it will change - affecting our language.

117
Q

Positive Face

A

Feels (or wants to) appreciated and valued.

118
Q

Negative Face

A

The desire to feel independent and not imposed on.

119
Q

What does a negative face feel when threatened?

A

They might feel offended or imposed upon.

120
Q

What does a positive face feel when threatened?

A

They might feel ashamed or embarrassed.

121
Q

A Face Saving Act

A

Saying something to lessen any threat to positive / negative face.

122
Q

Positive Politeness Strategy

A

Make the listener feel good about themselves and avoid conflict or offence by emphasising friendliness, courteousness & politeness. Shows that the speaker recognizes if the listener has a desire to be respected.
E.g. ‘I’m really sorry to ask you this but…’

123
Q

Direct Request

A

Commanding Request.
E.g. ‘Turn that music down!’

124
Q

Indirect Request

A

Flouts Maxims, avoids confrontational, creates implicature.
E.g. ‘This is a great book I’m reading’

125
Q

Negative Politeness Strategy

A

Attempting not to disrupt independence and aimed at the listener’s negative face and are meant to avoid any imposition on the listener.
E.g. ‘Can you turn the music down a little?’

126
Q

Hedging

A

We use hedging devices to soften a claim or to express uncertainty or certainty about it. E.g. believe, conceivably, presumably, perhaps, probably, possibly, maybe, and likely. E.g. ‘Erm, could you, erm perhaps, turn down the, erm, music?’

127
Q

Pessimism

A

The tendency to see the negative side of things or to expect the worst possible outcome from an event. E.g. ‘ I don’t suppose you could possibly turn down the music?’

128
Q

Indicating Deference

A

‘Excuse me, sir, would you mind if I asked you to turn down the music?’

129
Q

Apologising

A

‘I’m terribly sorry to put you out but could you turn down your music?’

130
Q

Impersonalising

A

‘The management requires you to turn the music down?’

131
Q

Deixis

A

Content - dependent language

132
Q

Deictic

A

A word or expression whose meaning is dependent on the context in which it is used.

133
Q

Personal Deixis

A

Names, personal pronouns and names of things/places.

134
Q

Temporal Deixis

A

Adverbs of time such as ‘today’, ‘yesterday’ and ‘tomorrow’ each of these both locates a speaker in and points from a particular deictic centre.

135
Q

Spatial Deixis

A

Adverbs of place such as ‘here’ and ‘there’ ; demonstratives showing location such as ‘this’ and ‘that’, orientational words such as ‘left’ and ‘right’ and deictic verbs such as ‘come’ and ‘go’

136
Q

Spatial Proximal Deixis

A

Refers to concepts, events or people close to the speaker. E.g. ‘This’

137
Q

Spatial Distal Deixis

A

Refers to concepts, events or people at a distance to the speaker. E.g. ‘that’.

138
Q

Demonstratives (DEM)

A

Are words, such as ‘this’ and ‘that’ used to indicate which entities are being referred to and distinguish from others. Their meaning cannot be understood without context.

139
Q

Deictic Verbs

A

Also known as Deictic motion verbs refer to any verb that marks the direction in which an entity is moving such as ‘come’ and ‘go’.

140
Q

Phrase

A

A group of words that are grammatically connected and defined by its head.

141
Q

Noun Phrase

A

A group of words built around a head noun and function as a noun.

142
Q

Head Noun

A

The main noun in the phrase

143
Q

Pre-modifier

A

A word or words that go before the head to add detail or clarity.

144
Q

Qualifier

A

An additional word or phrase that adds further detail to the noun.

145
Q

Post-modifier

A

A word or words that go after the head to add further detail or clarity.

146
Q

Verb Phrase

A

A group of words built around a verb and function as a verb.

147
Q

Head Verb

A

The main verb in the phrase.

148
Q

Primary Auxiliary Verb

A

A verb that helps show the tense.

149
Q

Modal Auxiliary Verb

A

Shows someone’s degree of commitment.

150
Q

Clause

A

A clause is a group of words that contains a subject and a verb that have a relationship.

151
Q

Subject

A

Key focus ON the verb - acts ON the verb

152
Q

Object

A

The entity being act upon.

153
Q

Complement

A

An attitude of the subject.

154
Q

Adverbial

A

The circumstances of the verb - time, manner, place, frequency, degree, conjunction.

155
Q

Active Voice

A

Agent is in subject position; verb phrase in past or present tense.
E.g. Beast seriously injuries baby.

156
Q

Passive Voice

A

Agent omitted or placed later in the clause use a prepositional phrase.

157
Q

Agent

A

The noun phrase or pronoun that identifies the person or thing which initiates or performs an action in a sentence

158
Q

Simple Sentence

A

A sentence consisting of only one main clause with a single subject and predicate.

159
Q

Predicate

A

The part of a sentence or clause containing a verb and stating something about the subject.

160
Q

Compound Sentence

A

A sentence containing at least two main clauses connected with either a semicolon or comma that is followed by a coordinating conjunction.

161
Q

Complex Sentence

A

A sentence containing one main clause and a subordinate clause or clauses connected together with a subordinating conjunction.

162
Q

Independent (Main) Clause

A

A clause that can form a complete sentence standing alone, having a subject and predicate.

163
Q

Dependent (Subordinate) Clause

A

A clause, typically introduced by a conjunction, that forms part of and is dependent on a main clause. Cannot stand alone as a sentence.

164
Q

Subordinating Conjunction

A

A conjunction that introduces a subordinate clause, e.g. although, because - everything else that’s not coordinating conjunctions.

165
Q

Coordinating Conjunction

A

A conjunction placed between words, phrases, clauses, or sentences of equal rank. E.g. For And Nor But Or Yet So are all the coordinating conjunctions.

166
Q

Article

A

An article comes before the noun. There is one definite article: “the.” There are two indefinite articles: “a” and “an.” The articles refer to a noun.

167
Q

Discourse

A

Refers to any form of extended writing or spoken communication. It is the text as a whole, the flow and form of the whole text.

168
Q

What purpose can a discourse serve?

A

Informative, Persuasive, Narrative, Expository.

169
Q

Informative

A
170
Q

Persuasive

A
171
Q

Narrative

A
172
Q

Expository

A
173
Q

What can influence the shape of how language is used (discourse) ?

A

Influenced by social + cultural contexts meaning time, place, audience, and purpose of the text.

174
Q

Why do we analyse discourse?

A

We analyse how language is structured to convey particular attitudes, create meaning and influence audience.

175
Q

Prong One

A

What the subject is and how the subject matter is being discuss.

176
Q

Prong Two

A

How the writers are presenting themselves and creating a voice.

177
Q

Prong Three

A

How the writers are addressing and positioning the reader.

178
Q

Pejorative

A

A judgemental term that usually implies disapproval or criticism.

179
Q

How does a writer self-represent themselves? (P2)

A

Use of personal pronouns, parentheses or brackets, humour + sarcasm, clauses.

180
Q

How does the writer position their audience (P3)

A

Pronoun usage and address (direct or indirect), modality, sentence functions, rhetorical questions.

181
Q

Modality (MAYBE PUT THIS IN ANOTHER DECK AS WELL)

A

Modal verbs and adverbs which consider levels of certainty, doubt and commitment).

182
Q

Graphology

A

Analysis of the visual aspects of written language and how this contributes to meaning of a text.

183
Q

Typeface

A

A design of letters, numbers and other symbols to be used in printing or for electronic display.

184
Q

Lettering

A

Symbols that are used to represent sounds.

185
Q

Orthography

A

Spelling or spelling wrongly intentionally for a specific meaning.

186
Q

Layout

A

The physical organisation of a text.

187
Q

Iconic Sign

A

A sign or image that is a direct picture of the thing it represents.

188
Q

Symbolic Sign

A

A sign or image where an associated meaning is drawn from some shared degree of knowledge.

189
Q

Typographical Feature

A

A feature related to the use of fonts in text.

190
Q

Font

A

an assortment or set of type or characters all of one style and sometimes one size. a set of printable or displayable typography or text characters in a specific style and size

191
Q

Multimodal text

A

A text that relies on the interplay of different codes (e.g. visual and written) to help shape meaning.

192
Q

Stereotype

A

Are formed through our observations of others in daily life, which is then reflected in the language we use to refer to specific groups of people in society.

193
Q

Hegemony

A

How one social group can use language to get other people to accept its way of seeing the world as natural.

194
Q

Ideology

A

A system of ideas.

195
Q

Linguistic Relativity

A

The idea that the language we use to talk and write about things can determine the way we think and are influenced about/by them.

196
Q

Idiolect

A

Your own personal way of speaking.

197
Q

Sociolect

A

The way you speak in specific group / in social situations.

198
Q

Social Construct

A

An idea that has been created and accepted by the people in a society.

199
Q

Stereotypical Language

A

The language used to make preconceived judgements or assumptions about a person or group of people.

English Language (8 decks)

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