Phonology Acoustics

Question 1

Phonetics

Answer 1

study of the production of sounds.(how sounds are made)

example: sing produced with a lateral lisp

Question 2

Phonology

Answer 2

the study of a sound system of a language and addresses the question of how sounds are used rather than how sounds are made.

example: “sing” produced as “thing”

Question 3

Allophones

Answer 3

Sounds that do not function to contrast meaning

Question 4

Vowels are produced with a relatively ____________ tract

Answer 4

open

Question 5

There are two subtypes of vowels

Answer 5

simple vowels and diphthongs.

Question 6

Diphthongs

Answer 6

vowels that change sound quality within the same syllable

Question 7

Formant Frequencies

Answer 7

• F1 – height

* F2- advancement

Question 8

Skills infants may be born with:

Answer 8

Perceptual Constancy

segmentation

Question 9

VOT

Answer 9

time between the release of the stop & the beginning of vocal fold vibration.

Question 10

Phonological Awareness

Answer 10

Is the ability to i.d. discrete linguistic units that comprise the speech signal

Question 11

Phonological awareness occurs on a continuum

Answer 11

shallow to deep

Question 12

Awareness of Phonemes

Answer 12

ability to sequentially isolate all the individual sounds in a syllable or word

Question 13

Disordered or Deviant

Answer 13

phonological patterns that are different from the types of patterns observed in normal phonological development at various ages.

Question 14

Awareness of Syllables

Answer 14

Patterns of Phonological Awareness at Syllable Level

Question 15

Delayed

Answer 15

persistence of normal mispronunciations or phonological processes
beyond the ages that the typical child would be using them. Phonological system is similar to that of a normal younger child

Question 16

Characteristics of the Infant

Answer 16

• -Vocal Tract (VT) shorter
• Pharyngeal cavity is shorter
• Tongue mass is more forward in oral cavity
• Oropharyngeal channel has a gradual bend not a rght angle
• Larynx is high
• Close approximation of velopharynx & epiglottis
• Relative position of articulators is different
• Neuromotor control is different

Question 17

Early Stages of Production Reflexive vocalizations Ollers Stages

Answer 17

Phonation 0-1 month
Goo-Cooing 2-3 months
Expansion – 4-6 months
Canonical Babbling – 7-10 months
Variegated Babbling – 9 -12 months
Transitional Period – 9-18 months

Question 18

Stages of Prelinguistic & Phonological Development:

I. Birth – 1 y/o

Answer 18

Prelinguistic vocalization & perception

Question 19

Stages of Prelinguistic & Phonological Development:

II. 1-1.6 y/o

Answer 19

Phonology of first 50 words (transitions period)

Question 20

Stages of Prelinguistic & Phonological Development:

III. 1.6 – 4.0

Answer 20

Phonology of simple morphemes

Question 21

Stages of Prelinguistic & Phonological Development:

IV. 4.0-7.0 –

Answer 21

Completion of phonetic inventory

Question 22

Stages of Prelinguistic & Phonological Development:

V. 7.0 – 12.0

Answer 22

Morphonemic development

Question 23

Stages of Prelinguistic & Phonological Development:

VI 12.0- 16.0

Answer 23

Spelling is mastered

Question 24

Why use formal artic and phonology tests?

Answer 24

• Easy to give and score
• Minimal time expenditure
• Provides a list of quantifiable incorrect sound -productions
• Provides standardized scores

Question 25

standardized scores do what?

Answer 25

- Compare client’s performance to norms - Document need for tx - Document change over time

Question 26

Common Tests

Answer 26

- CAAP - HAAP - GFTA - Khan Lewis - BBTOP

Question 27

INdependent analysis

Answer 27

describe production independently from adult

Question 28

Relational analysis

Answer 28

describe correspondence of child

Question 29

Intelligibility

Answer 29

85-100-mild 65-85-mild/moderate 50-650 moderate/severe Less than 50-severe

Question 30

PMLU

Answer 30

one point for each segment and 1 point for each additional correct consonant

Question 31

Basic Principles of Remediation Stages of Treatment

Answer 31

Establishment Generalization Maintenance

Question 32

Establishment

Answer 32

-production of target behavior on demand

Question 33

Generalization

Answer 33

target behavior being moved to other contexts

Question 34

Maintenance

Answer 34

-final stage, stabilization and retention of behaviors

Question 35

Subtypes of speech sound disorders in children

Answer 35

1. SSD-Artic 2. SS-Motor a. CAS b. Dysarthria 3. SSD Phonological: cognitive-linguistic a. Speech only b. Speech and language

Question 36

Research shows that sounds that are easily imitated are _________________________ OR improve _________________________ remediation.

Answer 36

more likely to rapidly improve during remediation by themselves without

Question 37

Research shows that once a child can imitate a sound, _____________to other contexts occurs rapidly.

Answer 37

generalization of that sound

Question 38

Focus of Linguistic-Based Approaches to Intervention

Answer 38

- Phonological errors viewed as lack of feature contrasts - Reorganize child’s phonological system - Target selection based on non stimulable sounds - Phonological processes for which client is stimulable

Question 39

Motor/Phonetic Based Approaches

Answer 39

1. Teaching sounds 2. Traditional Approach: Charles Van Riper 3. Context Utilization Approaches: 4. Core Vocabulary Approach

Question 40

Traditional Approach: Charles Van Riper

Answer 40

a. Auditory/ Sensory-Perceptual Training b. Phonetic Placement c. Shaping

Question 41

Teaching sounds

Answer 41

a. Establishment b. Stabilization/facilitation of generalization c. Maintenance

Question 42

Context Utilization Approaches:

Answer 42

a. Facilitating context | b. Key words

Question 43

Roles of Clinician

Answer 43

Characterization Reorganization Prediction Monitoring

Question 44

Reorganization

Answer 44

Vertical training Horizontally Structured Tx- Cyclically

Question 45

Vertical training

Answer 45

One or two goals/targets are trained to some predetermined performance criterion before proceeding on to a new target.

Question 46

Horizontally Structured Tx

Answer 46

Multiple related goals/ targets trained simultaneously in each session or alternating sessions, usually representative of an error pattern or relationship among target productions.

Question 47

Cyclically

Answer 47

Multiple patterns targeted, and worked on sequentially for a predetermined period of time, such as one week.

Question 48

Transfer

Answer 48

when linguistic structure of one language is temporarily seen in the other language

Question 49

Acceleration

Answer 49

-A linguistic property emerges earlier in one language for bilingual child compared to monolingual child.

Question 50

Declaration

Answer 50

Burden of two languages slows overall acquisition or acquisition of a specific structure in both languages.