Phonology

Question 1

Phonology

Answer 1

Study of the acceptable combination of sounds and finer features of a language

Question 2

Phoneme

Answer 2

Distinctive sounds

Contrastive distribution

Distribution unpredictable

Question 3

Minimal pair

Answer 3

Sounds in contrastive distribution

Change one sound to get a new word

Question 4

Allophone

Answer 4

Sound in complementary distribution

Can formulate the rules that create them

Distribution unpredictable

Shared a phonetic feature with phoneme

Question 5

Symbol of an environment

Answer 5

_

«_»=position of sound
«#»=word boundary
«C»=any consonant
«V»=any vowel

_C
…

Question 6

How to represent a sound environment

Answer 6

/ /->[ ]/influence_(influence)

/k/->[ts]_(front vowel)

Question 7

Phonotactics

Answer 7

All language restrict the permissible combination of morphemes

Very language specific but change overtime

Question 8

Syllables

Answer 8

Intermediary between sound and word

Combinations restricted by language

(C) V (C)
(C) V
…

Question 9

Nucleus

Answer 9

Vowel in a syllable obligatory

Question 10

Onset

Answer 10

Consonant coming before a vowel in a syllable

Question 11

Coda

Answer 11

Consonant coming after a vowel in a syllable

Question 12

Open syllable

Answer 12

Nothing after vowel

Question 13

Closed syllable

Answer 13

Consonant after vowel

Question 14

Syllabic consonant

Answer 14

Nasals: m/n/ng
Laterlas: l

Depend of speaker, speed of speech and accent

Question 15

Suprasegmental features

Answer 15

Word stress

Useful to divide stream of speech into recognizable words

Question 16

Stressed syllable symbol

Answer 16

‘

Question 17

Fixed stressed language

Answer 17

The stressed syllable is generally always the same

Question 18

Variable stress language

Answer 18

The placement of word stress is largely unpredictable

Question 19

4 levels of stress

Answer 19

• primary stress: one syllable is always more prominent than rest (non-content words are stressed sometimes)
• secondary stress: polysyllabic words have a second stress weaker than the primary
• sentence stress (prosodic stress) last content word is stressed

Question 20

Tone

Answer 20

=change of pitch

Express emotions, attitudes

But some languages are tonal

Question 21

Intonation

Answer 21

Rise and fall of voice

Indicates emotions, attitude

Differentiate statement, question
Emphasize

Question 22

Intonation (5 kinds)

Answer 22

• falling: drop pitch, used in turn-taking
• rising: rise pitch, non final. Yes/no question, open questions, disbelief
• monotone intonation: routine, list
• fall-rise: hesitancy, doubt
• rise-fall: strong feeling of (dis-) approval, definiteness of info