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ET118 > Phonology > Flashcards

Phonology Flashcards

1
Q

How are syllables separated in transcription?

A

With fullstops between them

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2
Q

What is the syllable peak/nucleus

A

The most prominent part of the syllable, usually a vowel or diphthong but not always

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3
Q

What is a syllable onset?

A

Consonant/s that appear before nucleus in the same syllable

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4
Q

What is a syllable coda?

A

Consonant/s that appear after the nucleus in the same syllable

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5
Q

What is the Rime/Rhyme

A

Nucleus + coda

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6
Q

What does σ represent?

A

The syllable node, the whole constituent of the syllable

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7
Q

give examples of suprasegemental features

A

stress, pitch, tone, intonation

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8
Q

What is the role of Prosodic/Suprasegmental features?

A

To help organise ideas, direct listeners’ attention, convey emotion

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9
Q

How is sound length marked in IPA?

A

with a colon eg. e:

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10
Q

What is a tonal language?

A

a language where meaning can be affected by pitch

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11
Q

What are the 2 kinds of tone?

A

Register: same across one syllable
Contour: tone shifts

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12
Q

What is an intonation language

A

A language without tones

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13
Q

What is weight-insensitive stress?

A

Where stress will always fall on the same part of the word, such as in French

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14
Q

List the syllable order (5 points)

A

Initial
Peninitial
Antepenultimate
Penultimate
Final

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15
Q

Where does stress fall in English compound nouns, give an example

A

Stress on the first word, tight-rope, hot-dog

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16
Q

Where does the stress fall in English with adjectives and nouns?

A

Stress on the second word, white house (house that is white)

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17
Q

How is primary stress marked in IPA?

A

small vertical line in upper left (superscript) corner of symbol

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18
Q

How is secondary stress marked in IPA?

A

small vertical line in lower left-hand (subscript) corner

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19
Q

What 3 ideas are sign languages based around?

A

Configuration
Movement
Location

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20
Q

What are phonotactics?

A

the potential sound patterns in a language

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21
Q

What is co-articulation?

A

Sounds overlap in speech when articulators are preparing to make the next sound

22
Q

What is assimilation?

A

the product of co-articulation

23
Q

What is a phoneme?

A

smallest phonological unit, used to mentally distinguish between word meanings, found in minimal pairs/contrastive distribution

24
Q

What is a phone?

A

the actual sound, the phoneme /L/ has multiple phones such as clear or dark

25
Q

What is an allophone?

A

when there are multiple different ways of pronouncing a phoneme like aspirated vs unaspirated /p/, found in complementary distribution

26
Q

What is an allomorph

A

a variant of a morpheme

27
Q

What is the difference between phonemes and allophones?

A

phonemes cannot be swapped, allophones can

28
Q

what are minimal pairs (triplets/quadruplets…)

A

Two or more words identical except for one sound, appearing in the same place in both words such as cat/mat, made/mood/mode

29
Q

What is contrastive distribution?

A

minimal pairs, eg with cat and mat, c and m are in contrastive distribution, cannot swap the, and keep word meaning

30
Q

what are morphophonemic rules?

A

phonological rules determining phonetic forms of plural morphemes

31
Q

what is complementary distribution?

A

appearing in mutually exclusive environments and also phonetically similar, eg aspirated and unaspirated p can be swapped and still make sense

32
Q

What is allophonic free variation?

A

single phoneme can have different pronunciation in same word eg bitter could be /ˈbitə/ /ˈbi?ə/ /ˈbiɾə/ all sounds are allophones of /t/, free variation not predictable by linguistic environment but conditioned by social factors like formality/accent

33
Q

what is a non-distinctive/redundant/predictable feature?

A

doesn’t have to be learned by speakers when acquiring words, like aspiration of /p/ in English

34
Q

What is an underlying phoneme?

A

used in the most diverse set of environments

35
Q

what are dissimilation rules?

A

syllables pronounced more differently to aid pronunciation, such as fricative dissimilation in fifth/sixth

36
Q

What are assimilation rules?

A

allowing greater ease of articulation, for instance the nasalisation of vowels before nasal consonants in English (is predictable and rule governed)

37
Q

what is epenthesis?

A

adding a vowel or consonant such as the intrusive /ɹ/ in ‘four eggs’ that’s not in the word ‘four’

38
Q

what is alveolar plosive deletion?

A

such as last night becoming ‘las night’

39
Q

what is vowel clipping?

A

unstressed ə removed such as in ‘travelling’

40
Q

What is derivation?

A

application of a phonological-rule (P-rule)

41
Q

What are phonotactic constraints?

A

limitations on sequences of segments, allows ‘black’ to be a word in English then allows ‘blick’ to theoretically be a word in English but not ‘Lbick’

42
Q

What is a natural class?

A

Group of sounds sharing one or more phonetic features, and being the complete set of sounds sharing those features in the given data

43
Q

What is perceptual salience?

A

phonological systems usually work to increase the distinctness of sounds from one another

44
Q

What is lenition?

A

Consonants becoming more vowel-like such as soft ‘d’s in Spanish words

45
Q

What is palatalisation?

A

Palatalisation: subcategory of assimilation, velar/alveolar consonant pronounced in palatal region such as bet you being pronounced as betcha

46
Q

What is metathesis?

A

two sounds transpose such as child saying ‘aminal’ instead of animal

47
Q

What is dentalisation?

A

e.g., the n in tenth shifts forward from alveolar ridge, diacritic under the letter

48
Q

What is creaky voice?

A

‘irregular relaxed vibrations superimposed on normal voicing’- Genetti

49
Q

What is prominence?

A

portion of speech stands out thanks to prosodic features

50
Q

What is an Intonation Unit (IU)?

A

‘prosodically coherent segment of speech’- Genetti

51
Q

What is waveform?

A

suggests relative intensity/loudness of words in an audio recording
Changes in Hertz (F0) perceived as changes in pitch

52
Q

what is a spectrogram?

A

a graph where greater energy/higher frequency represented with darker shading

ET118 (6 decks)

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