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ET118 > Phonetics > Flashcards

Phonetics Flashcards

1
Q

What is Fundamental frequency?

A

the rate of vocal cord vibration, measured in F0

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2
Q

What is involved in the Supraglottal System?

A

Nasal cavity, oral cavity, pharynx

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3
Q

Who has a narrower larynx and what does it cause?

A

Women and children, creates higher pitched voices

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4
Q

What is the pharynx?

A

the muscle-lined space that connects the nose and mouth to the larynx and oesophagus

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5
Q

What is the larynx?

A

The voice box, formed of cartilage

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6
Q

What is the Adam’s apple?

A

Where the front of the larynx comes to a point

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7
Q

What is the glottis?

A

the middle part of the larynx where the vocal cords are found

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8
Q

What is involved in the Supralaryngeal system?

A

all articulators found above the larynx

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9
Q

What is involved in the Subglottal system?

A

The trachea and the lungs

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10
Q

What are the primary and secondary functions of the mouth/throat?

A

Primary: breathing/eating
Secondary: speech

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11
Q

What is involved in the Speech chain? (5 points)

A
  1. Thinking what you want to say
  2. Sensory motor nerves allowing production
  3. Sound waves produced
  4. Travels to the ear of the receiver
  5. Receiver’s brain processes waves
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12
Q

What does VPM stand for?

A

V - Voicing
P - Place of articulation
M - Manner of articulation

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13
Q

What does aspirated mean?

A

Sound produces a puff of air, Only aspirated in English if it starts the word, P in Pin

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14
Q

What does unaspirated mean?

A

Sound does not produce a puff of air, P in Spit

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15
Q

What is a voiced sound? Give an example of an unvoiced sound

A

A sound that is caused through the vibration of the vocal cords, whispering causes all sounds to be unvoiced

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16
Q

What does Bilabial mean?

A

Sound is produced with both lips, P in Push

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17
Q

What does Labiodental mean?

A

Sound is produced with lips and teeth, F in Fish

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18
Q

What does Interdental mean?

A

Sound produced with tongue between the teeth, TH in Thick

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19
Q

What does Alveolar mean?

A

Sound is produced with the tongue against the back of the top teeth, N in Nose

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20
Q

What does Postalveolar mean?

A

Sound is produced with the tongue towards the roof of the mouth, SH in Shoe

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21
Q

What does Palatal mean?

A

Sound is produced with the tongue against the hard palate, Y in Yes (only palatal consonant in English)

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22
Q

What does Velar mean?

A

Sound is produced with the tongue against the soft palate, G in Gum

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23
Q

What does glottal mean?

A

Sound is produced by adjusting the airflow used as a consonant, H in House or any glottal stops

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24
Q

What does Retroflex mean?

A

Sounds produced by curving the tip of the tongue towards the roof of the mouth but not touching it, doesn’t exist in English

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25
Q

What does Subapical mean?

A

Sound is produced when the underside of the tongue touches the roof of the mouth, doesn’t exist in English

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26
Q

What does Uvular mean?

A

Sound is produced with the tongue near or against the uvula, doesn’t exist in English

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27
Q

What is an Oral/Nasal Stop / Plosive?

A

Air is released after a short stop, T in talk or N in Nose

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28
Q

What is a fricative?

A

Air is released as the articulators create friction, TH in Thick

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29
Q

What are the 4 types of approximants?

A
  1. Central: R in Red
  2. Lateral: L in love
  3. Liquids: lateral approximants and r-type sounds
  4. Glides: semi-vowels, Y in Yes
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30
Q

What is a Tap/Trill

A

Sound is produced by tongue repeating motion against the alveolar ridge, uses full closure but shorter than a plosive, T in American English Butter

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31
Q

What are homorganic sounds?

A

Sounds produced in the same part of the mouth

32
Q

What are affricates?

A

Sounds that begin as plosives but are released as fricatives, done in phases but marked as one sound, plosive and fricative must be homorganic, CH in church or J in Jug

33
Q

What is a Strident?

A

Sound produced by funnelling air past back of the teeth, usually fricative or affricate, S or SH sounds

34
Q

List passive articulators

A

upper lip, upper teeth, alveolar ridge, hard palate

35
Q

List active articulators

A

lower lip, tongue

36
Q

List the parts of the tongue

A

Apex/tip, blade, front, back, root

37
Q

How do sounds appear in linguistic notation?

A

[in square brackets]

38
Q

What does Pulmonic egressive mean?

A

Lungs are being used to expel air, includes all vowels in English

39
Q

What does Glottalic egressive mean?

A

Sound is produced without lungs, aspirated stops in Navajo

40
Q

What does Velaric ingressive mean?

A

sound is produced by closing the vocal tract at two places of articulation in the mouth, creates clicks

41
Q

What are the 4 criteria for vowel classification?

A
  1. Tongue height: high, mid, low
  2. Tongue anteriority: front, central, back
  3. Lip rounding: rounded, unrounded, spread
  4. Length/Tenseness
42
Q

What is a monophthong?

A

an individual vowel sound

43
Q

What is a diphthong?

A

sequence of 2 vowel sounds together, can be Raising (face/price) or Centring (near/fare)

44
Q

When are vowels nasalised?

A

When they appear before a nasal consonant in the same syllable

45
Q

How is vowel nasalisation marked in phonetic transcription?

A

With a tilde ~ over the letter

46
Q

What is a Non-continuant?

A

Sound where the air flow through the oral cavity is obstructed, includes oral/nasal stops and affricates

47
Q

What is an obstruent?

A

a non-nasal stop, fricative, or affricate with full or partial obstruction of the airstream

48
Q

What is a Sonorant?

A

A sound that is not an obstruent, vowels/nasal stops/liquids/glides, because the air resonates

49
Q

Give 4 examples of Consonantal subclasses

A
  1. Labials: using lips
  2. Coronals: raising tongue blade
  3. Anteriors: alveolar area and forward
  4. Sibilants: friction hissing sound
50
Q

what is the manner and place of articulation for [p]?

A

voiced plosive, bilabial stop

51
Q

what is the manner and place of articulation for [b]?

A

voiced, plosive, bilabial stop

52
Q

what is the manner and place of articulation for [t]?

A

voiceless, plosive, alveolar stop

53
Q

what is the manner and place of articulation for [d]?

A

voiced, plosive, alveolar stop

54
Q

what is the manner and place of articulation for [m]?

A

voiced, nasal, bilabial stop

55
Q

what is the manner and place of articulation for [n]?

A

voiced, nasal, alveolar stop

56
Q

what is the manner and place of articulation for [k]?

A

voiceless, plosive, velar stop

57
Q

what is the manner and place of articulation for [g]?

A

voiced, plosive, velar stop

58
Q

what is the manner and place of articulation for [ŋ]?

A

voiced, nasal, velar stop

59
Q

what is the manner and place of articulation for [t͡ʃ]?

A

voiceless, palato-alveolar affricate

60
Q

what is the manner and place of articulation for [d͡ʒ]?

A

voiced, alveolar affricate

61
Q

what is the manner and place of articulation for [ʔ]?

A

voiceless, plosive, glottal stop

62
Q

what is the manner and place of articulation for [f]?

A

voiceless, labiodental fricative

63
Q

what is the manner and place of articulation for [v]?

A

voiced, labiodental fricative

64
Q

what is the manner and place of articulation for [θ]?

A

voiceless, interdental fricative

65
Q

what is the manner and place of articulation for [ð]?

A

voiced, interdental fricative

66
Q

what is the manner and place of articulation for [s]?

A

voiceless, alveolar fricative

67
Q

what is the manner and place of articulation for [z]?

A

voiced, alveolar fricative

68
Q

what is the manner and place of articulation for [ʃ]?

A

voiceless, post-alveolar fricative

69
Q

what is the manner and place of articulation for [ʒ]?

A

voiced, palatal fricative

70
Q

what is the manner and place of articulation for [x]?

A

voiceless, velar fricative

71
Q

what is the manner and place of articulation for [ɣ]?

A

voiced, velar fricative

72
Q

what is the manner and place of articulation for [h]?

A

voiceless, glottal fricative

73
Q

what is the manner and place of articulation for [l]?

A

voiced, alveolar, lateral approximant/liquid

74
Q

what is the manner and place of articulation for [r]?

A

voiced, alveolar, approximant/trill

75
Q

what is the manner and place of articulation for [j]?

A

voiceless, palatal glide/approximant

76
Q

what is the manner and place of articulation for [w]?

A

voiced, labiovelar glide, approximant

77
Q

what is the manner and place of articulation for [ʀ]?

A

voiced, uvular trill

ET118 (6 decks)

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