Phonetics Flashcards
What is Fundamental frequency?
the rate of vocal cord vibration, measured in F0
What is involved in the Supraglottal System?
Nasal cavity, oral cavity, pharynx
Who has a narrower larynx and what does it cause?
Women and children, creates higher pitched voices
What is the pharynx?
the muscle-lined space that connects the nose and mouth to the larynx and oesophagus
What is the larynx?
The voice box, formed of cartilage
What is the Adam’s apple?
Where the front of the larynx comes to a point
What is the glottis?
the middle part of the larynx where the vocal cords are found
What is involved in the Supralaryngeal system?
all articulators found above the larynx
What is involved in the Subglottal system?
The trachea and the lungs
What are the primary and secondary functions of the mouth/throat?
Primary: breathing/eating
Secondary: speech
What is involved in the Speech chain? (5 points)
- Thinking what you want to say
- Sensory motor nerves allowing production
- Sound waves produced
- Travels to the ear of the receiver
- Receiver’s brain processes waves
What does VPM stand for?
V - Voicing
P - Place of articulation
M - Manner of articulation
What does aspirated mean?
Sound produces a puff of air, Only aspirated in English if it starts the word, P in Pin
What does unaspirated mean?
Sound does not produce a puff of air, P in Spit
What is a voiced sound? Give an example of an unvoiced sound
A sound that is caused through the vibration of the vocal cords, whispering causes all sounds to be unvoiced
What does Bilabial mean?
Sound is produced with both lips, P in Push
What does Labiodental mean?
Sound is produced with lips and teeth, F in Fish
What does Interdental mean?
Sound produced with tongue between the teeth, TH in Thick
What does Alveolar mean?
Sound is produced with the tongue against the back of the top teeth, N in Nose
What does Postalveolar mean?
Sound is produced with the tongue towards the roof of the mouth, SH in Shoe
What does Palatal mean?
Sound is produced with the tongue against the hard palate, Y in Yes (only palatal consonant in English)
What does Velar mean?
Sound is produced with the tongue against the soft palate, G in Gum
What does glottal mean?
Sound is produced by adjusting the airflow used as a consonant, H in House or any glottal stops
What does Retroflex mean?
Sounds produced by curving the tip of the tongue towards the roof of the mouth but not touching it, doesn’t exist in English
What does Subapical mean?
Sound is produced when the underside of the tongue touches the roof of the mouth, doesn’t exist in English
What does Uvular mean?
Sound is produced with the tongue near or against the uvula, doesn’t exist in English
What is an Oral/Nasal Stop / Plosive?
Air is released after a short stop, T in talk or N in Nose
What is a fricative?
Air is released as the articulators create friction, TH in Thick
What are the 4 types of approximants?
- Central: R in Red
- Lateral: L in love
- Liquids: lateral approximants and r-type sounds
- Glides: semi-vowels, Y in Yes
What is a Tap/Trill
Sound is produced by tongue repeating motion against the alveolar ridge, uses full closure but shorter than a plosive, T in American English Butter
What are homorganic sounds?
Sounds produced in the same part of the mouth
What are affricates?
Sounds that begin as plosives but are released as fricatives, done in phases but marked as one sound, plosive and fricative must be homorganic, CH in church or J in Jug
What is a Strident?
Sound produced by funnelling air past back of the teeth, usually fricative or affricate, S or SH sounds
List passive articulators
upper lip, upper teeth, alveolar ridge, hard palate
List active articulators
lower lip, tongue
List the parts of the tongue
Apex/tip, blade, front, back, root
How do sounds appear in linguistic notation?
[in square brackets]
What does Pulmonic egressive mean?
Lungs are being used to expel air, includes all vowels in English
What does Glottalic egressive mean?
Sound is produced without lungs, aspirated stops in Navajo
What does Velaric ingressive mean?
sound is produced by closing the vocal tract at two places of articulation in the mouth, creates clicks
What are the 4 criteria for vowel classification?
- Tongue height: high, mid, low
- Tongue anteriority: front, central, back
- Lip rounding: rounded, unrounded, spread
- Length/Tenseness
What is a monophthong?
an individual vowel sound
What is a diphthong?
sequence of 2 vowel sounds together, can be Raising (face/price) or Centring (near/fare)
When are vowels nasalised?
When they appear before a nasal consonant in the same syllable
How is vowel nasalisation marked in phonetic transcription?
With a tilde ~ over the letter
What is a Non-continuant?
Sound where the air flow through the oral cavity is obstructed, includes oral/nasal stops and affricates
What is an obstruent?
a non-nasal stop, fricative, or affricate with full or partial obstruction of the airstream
What is a Sonorant?
A sound that is not an obstruent, vowels/nasal stops/liquids/glides, because the air resonates
Give 4 examples of Consonantal subclasses
- Labials: using lips
- Coronals: raising tongue blade
- Anteriors: alveolar area and forward
- Sibilants: friction hissing sound
what is the manner and place of articulation for [p]?
voiced plosive, bilabial stop
what is the manner and place of articulation for [b]?
voiced, plosive, bilabial stop
what is the manner and place of articulation for [t]?
voiceless, plosive, alveolar stop
what is the manner and place of articulation for [d]?
voiced, plosive, alveolar stop
what is the manner and place of articulation for [m]?
voiced, nasal, bilabial stop
what is the manner and place of articulation for [n]?
voiced, nasal, alveolar stop
what is the manner and place of articulation for [k]?
voiceless, plosive, velar stop
what is the manner and place of articulation for [g]?
voiced, plosive, velar stop
what is the manner and place of articulation for [ŋ]?
voiced, nasal, velar stop
what is the manner and place of articulation for [t͡ʃ]?
voiceless, palato-alveolar affricate
what is the manner and place of articulation for [d͡ʒ]?
voiced, alveolar affricate
what is the manner and place of articulation for [ʔ]?
voiceless, plosive, glottal stop
what is the manner and place of articulation for [f]?
voiceless, labiodental fricative
what is the manner and place of articulation for [v]?
voiced, labiodental fricative
what is the manner and place of articulation for [θ]?
voiceless, interdental fricative
what is the manner and place of articulation for [ð]?
voiced, interdental fricative
what is the manner and place of articulation for [s]?
voiceless, alveolar fricative
what is the manner and place of articulation for [z]?
voiced, alveolar fricative
what is the manner and place of articulation for [ʃ]?
voiceless, post-alveolar fricative
what is the manner and place of articulation for [ʒ]?
voiced, palatal fricative
what is the manner and place of articulation for [x]?
voiceless, velar fricative
what is the manner and place of articulation for [ɣ]?
voiced, velar fricative
what is the manner and place of articulation for [h]?
voiceless, glottal fricative
what is the manner and place of articulation for [l]?
voiced, alveolar, lateral approximant/liquid
what is the manner and place of articulation for [r]?
voiced, alveolar, approximant/trill
what is the manner and place of articulation for [j]?
voiceless, palatal glide/approximant
what is the manner and place of articulation for [w]?
voiced, labiovelar glide, approximant
what is the manner and place of articulation for [ʀ]?
voiced, uvular trill