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ET118 > Morphology > Flashcards

Morphology Flashcards

1
Q

List 4 open classes (content words)

A

nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs

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2
Q

Name 4 closed clases (function words)

A

conjunctions, prepositions, pronouns, articles

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3
Q

what are lexemes?

A

Words that are found under the same definition in the dictionary eg walk and walking

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4
Q

what is a complementiser?

A

if, that, whether

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5
Q

What is a morpheme?

A

Distinct unit of meaning, eg ‘impossible’ = im + possible

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6
Q

A word with a one morpheme is called

A

simplex/monomorphemic

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7
Q

a word with more than one morpheme is

A

bimorphemic/polymorphemic

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8
Q

what is segementation?

A

dividing a word into its morphemes

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9
Q

what are free morphemes?

A

morphemes that can stand alone as independent words eg man or gentle

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10
Q

what are bound morphemes?

A

morphemes that are not existing words on their own eg un- or -ly

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11
Q

What are infixes?

A

morphemes inserted into other morphemic roots, the only examples in English are with full words, eg abso-bloody-lutely

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12
Q

What are circumfixes/discontinuous morphemes?

A

morphemes that attach to the start and end of base morpheme, eg loved in german becomes ‘ge-lieb-t’ from ‘lieb’

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13
Q

What is an agentive affix?

A

-Er ending, clarifying someone does the noun

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14
Q

What is a comparative affix?

A

-Er ending, eg high-er

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15
Q

What is a morpheme root?

A

Root that is not always a stand-alone word, both paint from painter and ling from linguist are morphemic roots even though ling is not a word

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16
Q

What is a morpheme stem?

A

when a root morpheme is combined with an inflectional affix eg root = believe, stem = believable, word = unbelievable

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17
Q

what is a morphemic base?

A

can be referring to stem or root?

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18
Q

What is a derivational morpheme?

A

new word is produced by adding the morpheme, eg pure becoming purify, adding a derivational morpheme creates a derived word, may change the word class

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19
Q

what is a non-neutral affix?

A

if the affix comes from another language e.g., Latin or Greek, when it added it may change the word’s pronunciation, for instance the stress change from ‘alcohol’ to ‘alcoholic’

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20
Q

What is an inflectional morpheme?

A

won’t change grammatical category, eg adding an ‘s’ or ‘ed’, lack of inflectional morphology provides an ungrammatical sentence, does not create new lexeme, does not change word class, plural adjectives demand plural nouns -demonstrated through inflectional morphology- this is where morphology and syntax cross over

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21
Q

what is case morphology?

A

when inflectional morphemes are used to indicate case/grammatical relation of a noun in a sentence

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22
Q

What are the 4 inflectional categories in English?

A

Number
Case
Person
Tense

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23
Q

What does periphrastically mean?

A

using more than one word, for instance the future tense in English is marked periphrastically with ‘I will go’

24
Q

What does dual mean?

A

Plural category specific to two entities

25
Q

what is reduplication?

A

an inflectional process where parts of words are repeated perhaps to indicate a plural noun,

26
Q

What are suppletive forms?

A

irregular morphemic rules eg the plural of mouse is mice

27
Q

What are accidental/lexical gaps?

A

words that conform to morphological patterns but are not used in the language

28
Q

What are back-formations?

A

neologisms based on misconceptions

29
Q

What is the test for compound words?

A

Can you slot in any modifiers? A Greenhouse becoming a green beautiful house is no longer a compound noun

30
Q

Explain how the order of compound words links to meaning

A

the head of the word is the word on the right and determines its meaning eg ‘smartwatch’ is a kind of watch, compounds where this doesn’t walk are ‘unheaded’ eg flatfoot isn’t a kind of foot but a policeman, therefore it doesn’t become the plural ‘flatfeet’ but ‘flatfoots’

31
Q

What is the definition of a polysynthetic language?

A

a language where morphemes are stacked up to create whole sentences, eg navajo or cherokee

32
Q

What does attaching at word periphery mean?

A

e.g., in ‘disenchantments’, the ‘s’ is attached to ‘ment’ which is attached to ‘disenchant’

33
Q

What are extenders?

A

ego + t + ist, the t doesn’t belong to the base or to the suffix, often when the base is non-native to English

34
Q

What are phonologically conditioned allomorphs?

A

allomorphs whose usage depends on the phonological environment, occurs in predictable environments- eg sound of ed in english verbs bake/baked vs wait/waited

35
Q

What are lexically conditioned allomorphs?

A

Allomorphs that speakers just have to learn, the form a word takes doesn’t depend on sounds, eg man becomes men, go becomes went

36
Q

What is a suppletive form?

A

a word that bears no phonetic resemblance to its root, for example ‘went’ does not follow the ‘go+past tense’ pattern

37
Q

Give an example of partial suppletion

A

mouse - mice
teach - taught

38
Q

What are zero-morphs

A

when plural form is same as singular but still differentiated between with is/are, eg 1 sheep is/2 sheep are, use -∅

39
Q

What is a highly productive affix?

A

One that can be attached in lots of places with few restrictions eg -ed

40
Q

what is a possessive/bahuvrihi compound?

A

a compound relying on a relation, for instance redhead = person who has red hair

41
Q

What is a dvandva compound?

A

no modifier head relation, both words can be considered heads, for instance singer-songwriter

42
Q

What is a copulative compound?

A

denoting the sum of two meanings (bitter-sweet), type of dvandva compound

43
Q

What is an appositional compound?

A

combining two different descriptions of the referent (deaf-mute), type of dvandva compound

44
Q

What are neoclassical compounds?

A

combining two forms, no free morphemes, instead bound forms from Greek or Latin (democrat, photograph, technology)

45
Q

Explain the difference between endocentric and exocentric compound heads

A

endocentric head: semantic head is inside e.g., flower-seller
exocentric head: turncoat has nothing to do with coats nowadays, meaning cannot be inferred

46
Q

Explain the difference between compositional and non-compositional meaning

A

compositional meaning: can infer meaning eg bookshelf is a kind of shelf
non-compositional: wisdom teeth, cant infer

47
Q

Explain the difference between structural and lexical ambiguity

A

Structural ambiguity: Sue saw the man with the telescope, was she using the telescope or was the man?
Lexical ambiguity: This will make you smart, smart as in clever or as in burning sensation?

48
Q

what is clipping?

A

Can be front/back/both, omnibus to bus, word class stays the same, stylistic change- one form is more formal

49
Q

What is a portmanteau?

A

Word formed by mixing two or more words together, eg brunch

50
Q

What is zero derivation?

A

having to observe the words surrounding ‘fish’ to tell whether it’s a verb or noun, eg to contest and a contest, sometimes there is a stress change

51
Q

What is the difference between acronyms and abbreviations/initialisms?

A

acronyms: NATO, ASAP, LOL
abbreviations/initialism: UPS, BBC, LMAO

52
Q

What are analytic languages?

A

don’t signify grammatical categories and relations through inflectional morphemes, use fixed word order/auxiliaries/particles etc, example could be english or vietnamese

53
Q

What are synthetic languages?

A

large number of grammatical categories shown through inflectional morphemes such as in German

54
Q

what is syncretism?

A

The phenomenon of inflections that mark differences in number, gender, person, case etc becoming the same form such as the second person singular and plural in English both using ‘You’

55
Q

What are fusional languages?

A

can express a whole set of grammatical meanings in one form such as in German or Latin

56
Q

What are agglutinating languages?

A

word forms produced by joining morphemes together that won’t overlap or collapse into one with multiple meanings such as in Japanese

ET118 (6 decks)

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