Phonological processes & Phonological rules Part 1 Flashcards
What does “general environment” mean in phonetics?
It describes where a phone generally occurs across all instances in a language.
What is complementary distribution in phonetics?
It’s when two sounds never occur in the same environment or position.
In phonetic notation, what does [+labiodental] mean?
It characterizes sounds like [f] and [v], which are made with the lips and teeth.
What are common phonological processes?
Systematic sound changes in languages over time or currently.
What is assimilation?
When sounds become more similar to nearby sounds.
What is voicing assimilation?
Voicing assimilation occurs when a sound takes on the voicing of neighboring sounds, e.g., “dogs” [dɔɡz] vs. “docks” [dɔks].
What is place assimilation?
A sound changes its place of articulation to match a nearby sound. such as palatalization before high front vowels.
What is manner assimilation?
A sound changes its manner of articulation (like stop to nasal) to match a nearby sound.
What is assimilation at a distance?
Non-adjacent sounds influence each other.
What is regressive (anticipatory) assimilation?
A following sound affects a preceding one, e.g., “handbag” to [hæmbæɡ].
What is progressive (perseverative) assimilation?
A preceding sound affects a following one, e.g., “happen” to [hæpm̩].
What is dissimilation?
When sounds become less similar to make them easier to distinguish. as in “electric” vs. “electrical.”
What is lenition?
Weakening of sounds, like turning a stop into a fricative. They become more sonorant
What is fortition?
Strengthening of sounds, like turning a fricative into a stop.
What is final devoicing?
Voiced sounds become voiceless at the end of a word, e.g., “dogs” to [dɔks].
