Phonological Development Flashcards
Phonology
The rules for the combinations of sounds to form words in a language.
Phonics
Phoneme-Grapheme Correspondence
Phoneme
Smallest unit of sound which differentiates meaning in words.
Phonation
vibration of vocal cords to produce sounds
Phonetics
Study of perception and production of speech sounds
Articulatory Phonetics
Identification and classification of individual sounds
Acoustic Phonetics
Instrumental analysis and measurement of sound waves
Auditory or Perceptual Phonetics
How humans process sound
Speech Production (physical) Systems x 3
Respiratory:
lungs (bronchi-alveoli), diaphragm, related muscles
Laryngeal:
larynx, vocal folds, glottis, vagus nerve (10 cranial nerve)
Supralaryngeal:
vocal tract: pharynx, oral + nasal cavity
articulators: tongue, palate, teeth, alveolar ridge, lips, jaw
IPA
sound types
transcription
International Phonetic Alphabet:
consonants
vowels (long, short)
dipthongs
Representing the sounds in a word using IPA symbols.
Classification of sounds
Place
Manner
Voicing
Place of Articulation Definition
Where the articulators are constricted to produce sound.
Places of Articulation x 7
Bilabial:
both lips
p b m w
Labiodental- teeth, lip
f v
Interdental/Lingua-dental:
tongue between teeth
th/th
Alveolar/Lingua-alveolar:
tongue contact alveolar ridge:
t d s z n l
Palatal/Lingua-palatal:
tongue near/on hard palate
sh zh j, ch, r, y
Velar/Velum- soft palate:
tongue near/on soft palate
g k ng
Glottal:
back of cavity/throat
h
Manner of Articulation Definition
How airflow is manipulated to make sound
Manner of Articulation x 4 + 2
Stop/Plosive:
quick air stop/release
p, b, t, d, k, g
Fricative:
friction of air through close articulators
f, v, sh, zh, th/th, s, z, h
Affricate:
starts wth stop, ends with fricative
tch, dge
Nasal:
airflows through nasal cavity
m, n, ng
Approximates: Liquids and Glides
Liquids: air flows around tongue
l, r
Glides: air flows over tongue
w, y
Articulation: voicing
Voiced:
Use of the vocal folds to produce vibrations
Unvoiced:
No use of the vocal folds to produce vibrations
Vowel Classifications
Length of vowel: long, short, reduced
Height of Jaw
Tongue Position: front, mid, back
Dipthongs
Vowels that gradually change articulation.
eg. igh, oy, ou, oa, ere
Co-articulation
variations of a sound due to impact of other sounds around it
Speech Sound Development Order
0-2months
2-4months
4-6months
6m+
10m+
Early 8
Middle 8
Late 8
0-2m reflexive
2-4m cooing
4-6m vocal play
6m+ canonical babbling
10m+ jargon
E8: mostly front, stops, nasals:
m y b n w d p h
M8:
t ng k g f v ch j
L8:
sh th/th s z l r zh
Phonological Processes
Syllable Structure x 5
final consonant deletion
cu = cup
initial consonant deletion
up = cup
unstressed syllable deletion
mato = tomato
consonant cluster reduction
top = stop
epenthesis
bu-lue = blue
Phonological Processes
Assimilation x 4
reduplication
wawa= water dada = daddy
denasalisation
douse = mouse
final consonant devoicing
pick = pig
prevocalic voicing
ga = car
Phonological Processes
Substitution x 5
stopping: turn fricative into stop
dell = shell
fronting: move back sound to front
tup = cup
backing: move front sound to back
gog = dog
cluster substitution: change one
stwing = string
liquid gliding: liquid to glide (l,r=w,y)
wed = red
Phonological Processing:
Approx. Ages of Elimination
Voicing/Devoicing: 3yrs
Consonant Deletions
Fronting/Backing: 3.5yrs
Weak Syllable Deletion
Cluster Reduction: 4yrs
Stopping: based on complexity of sounds: 3-5yrs
(f, s, + v, z, + sh, j, ch, + th/th)
