Phonological development

Question 1

Children’s struggles with phonology

Answer 1

• usually last thing they fully acquire when learning to speak
• so complex
• difficult to learn to control
• very easy to make error
• too focused on being lexically and grammatically correct

Question 2

Plosive

Answer 2

b, p, d, t, g, k

Question 3

Fricative

Answer 3

v, f, z, s, h, meaSure, sh, th,

Question 4

Affricate

Answer 4

juDGe, ch

Question 5

Nasal

Answer 5

m, n, ng

Question 6

Lateral

Answer 6

L

Question 7

Approximant

Answer 7

w, r, j

Question 8

Bilabial

Answer 8

p, b, m, w

Question 9

Labiodental

Answer 9

f, v

Question 10

Dental

Answer 10

th

Question 11

Alveolar

Answer 11

t, d, n, s, z,

Question 12

Palato-alveolar

Answer 12

sh, dg, ch

Question 13

Palatal

Answer 13

j

Question 14

Velar

Answer 14

k, g, ng

Question 15

Glottal

Answer 15

h

Question 16

Pamela Grundwell, 1987

Answer 16

identified stages for phonological acquisition (thought universal ones were too broad)

24 months: plosive, Bilabial 
30 months: velar, glottal
36 months: fricative, latteral
42 months: fricative affricate 
48+ months: dental

Question 17

Articulatory ease

Answer 17

how easy it is for children to say sounds

Question 18

Perceptual discriminability

Answer 18

how easy it is for the child to hear the sounds

Question 19

Berko and Brown, 1960: fis study

Answer 19

• child rejected adults incorrect pronunciation of fish as fis
• when adult said fish child said ‘yes, fis’, couldn’t understand adult when they said ‘fis’
• children can hear correct pronunciation of word before they can correctly produce the right sounds themselves

Question 20

Roger Brown, 1973: phonology

Answer 20

identified important phonological errors of children

Question 21

RB: Substitution

Answer 21

swapping the sounds of a word so its easier to pronounce, usually a fricative e.g. free for three, dere for there

Question 22

RB: Assimilation

Answer 22

a consonant is swapped in a word to make it easier to pronounce e.g ‘tat’ instead of ‘cat’

Question 23

RB: Deletion

Answer 23

when its too much and they chop a bit off e.g. nana instead of banana or noi instead of noise

Question 24

RB: Consonant cluster reduction

Answer 24

• reducing groups of consonants (two or more) down to one for ease e.g. ‘cayon’ instead of ‘crayon’, “’s’getti” instead of “spaghetti,”

Question 25

Not RB: Addition

Answer 25

diminitives: adding a phoneme, usually to create a CVCV (Consonant, vowel, consonant, vowel) pattern
e. g. mummy, piggy, doggy

Question 26

Not RB: Reduplication

Answer 26

when children revert back to babbling

e.g. dada, mama, baba, ju ju