Lexical development Flashcards
1
Q
Naom Chomsky
A
- Nativism
- we are predisposed to acquire language
- we have a Language Acquisition Device (LAD)
- this is the reason there is a global capacity of children to learn language at the same rate = Universal Grammar
- reason for virtuous errors (runned, sheeps): children make their own language through their own logic rather than what they have observed entirely through adults
2
Q
Stephen Pinker
A
- Nativism
- developed on Chomsky’s theory
- furthers the theory saying language acquisition is a human instinct and we have a natural urge to learn, rather than a biological switch in our brain
- lang develops in a child spontaneously without effort / instruction
- babbling = practicing
- suggests language is caused by dedicated circuitry that evolves In the human brain (mother board of connections)
3
Q
Criticisms of Nativism
A
- undermines role and influence of care givers
- critical period hypothesis: abused children often don’t fully develop syntax and grammar, children must be exposed to language by a certain age (Genie case)
4
Q
Tomasello
A
- cognitive-linguistic approach
- rejected Chomsky’s Universal Grammar
- we have a need to cooperate and communicate
- not a biological thing, just a desire to be social
- e.g. we learn to do things like run because we want to experience it
- acknowledges the importance of caregivers and ranges of contexts
5
Q
Jean Piaget: Constructivism
A
- Constructivism
- Early Tomasello
- comes from the desire to communicate
6
Q
Jean Piaget: Constructivism Stages
A
Sensorimotor stage:
- 0-2 years
- egocentric
- some awareness of object permanence
Pre-operational stage:
- 2-6/7 years
- most important to what might be on the transcript in exam!!
- become capable of representing the word symbolically
- child remains egocentric
- begin to question more
Concrete operational:
- 6/7-11/12 years
- stops being as egocentric
- can notice patterns more
7
Q
Lee Vygotsky
A
- social constructivism
- children are active in the creation of their own knowledge
- focused on role of caregiver
- zone of proximal development: the area between what a child can do and what is beyond their reach, where a caregiver offers support to facilitate learning
8
Q
Lee Vygotsky: constructivism Stages
A
Primitive speech stage:
- 0-2 years
- begins to learn to speak through imitation
- responds emotionally and socially (laughing and crying)
Naive psychological stage:
- 2-4 years
- realize words are symbols for objects: curious
Egocentric speech stage:
- 4-7 years
- talk aloud to themselves as they do tasks / solve problems (private speech)
In-growth speech stage:
- 8+ years
- private speech declines and becomes more internalised (inner speech)
9
Q
Jerome Bruner
A
- Interactionism
- rejected Chomsky’s LAD
- focused on the importance of caregivers
- suggested Language Acquisition Support System (LASS)
- caregivers provide opportunities for children to acquire
- focused on child-directed (CDS) speech and scaffolding (support provided by caregivers through modelling how speech ought to take place
10
Q
CDS: Expansion
A
where the caregiver elaborates on an utterance given by the child
11
Q
CDS: Recasts
A
where the caregiver repeats a child’s utterance but corrects it slightly
12
Q
CDS: mitigated response
A
- where a command is given but disguised in the form of a question
13
Q
CDS:diminutives
A
doggie, mummy, horsie
14
Q
other features of CDS:
A
- high / melodic pitch
- more frequent / longer pauses
- slower clearer speech
- repetition
- more questions
- using nouns rather than pronouns
15
Q
Catherine Snow, 1970
A
- Parentese
- describes the way parents adapt their speech when interacting with children
