Phonological Analysis Flashcards
What are examples of phonological analysis?
STAP, DEAP, EAT, CLEAR
STAP= get child to describe a picture and say what’s in the picture for you to transcribe.
What is naturalness?
This describes how children at 18 months will not be able to produce all speech sounds correctly but all children have similar errors. These are natural features that are easier to articulate.
What is markedness?
It is more complex than naturalness and less common across languages.
What is the most natural syllable shape?
CV
What is more natural: plosives or fricatives?
Plosives
Which type of voiceless sounds are more natural than the voiced ones?
Plosives, fricatives and affricates.
Which types of voiced sounds are more natural than the voiceless ones?
Approximants
Which is more likely:
1) /si/ or /ti/
2) /ta/ or /da/
1) ti
2) ta
What is a phonological process?
- A process that converts a difficult aspect of phonology (target) to a similar but easier sound.
- They describe errors in children’s speech.
Structure: What is weak syllable deletion?
In multisyllabic words, the unstressed syllable is deleted.
Eg. “banana” -> /nana/
Structure: When does weak syllable deletion disappear?
3;6- 4 years
Structure: What is reduplication of syllables?
When a syllable is repeated in place of another one.
Eg. “teacher” -> /titi/
Structure: When does reduplication disappear?
2-2;6 years
Structure: What is final consonant deletion?
Deletion of a consonant in WF position.
Eg. “bean” -> /bi/
Structure: When does final consonant deletion disappear?
3;3 - 3;6 years
Structure: What is cluster reduction?
When there is more than one consonant in the onset/coda, one is deleted.
Eg. “stop”-> /top/
Structure: When does cluster reduction usually disappear?
3-4 years
Structure: What are the rules for cluster reduction?
1) If there is a plosive + approximant, approximant not produced.
2) If there is a fricative + approximant, approximant not produced.
3) If there is a /s/ + plosive/ nasal, /s/ not produced.
4) If there is a /s/ + approximant, either consonant is not produced.
Structure: What are some less common processes?
Epenthesis
Metathesis
Structure: What is Epenthesis?
Insertion of a segment in the middle of a word. Usually a schwa. Like adding it in “please”
Structure: What is metathesis?
Reversal of consonant position.
Eg. “Animal” -> “Aminal”
What are phonological processes affecting system?
Processes that describe the changes to consonants or vowels in a word. Usually a marked feature replaced with an easier feature.
System: What is fronting?
When a target consonant is produced at an anterior position.
Eg. “got” -> “dot”
System: What would velar and palatal fronting be?
Sound would be produced at alveolar ridge?
System: When does fronting usually disappear?
2;6- 3;6
System: What is stopping of fricatives and affricates?
Target fricatives are produced as homorganic plosives.
Eg. “see” -> /ti/
Target affricates are produced as (near) homorganic plosives.
System: When does stopping usually disappear?
2;6- 3
System processes: what is deaffrication?
Substitution of an affricate with a fricative?
System processes: What is gliding?
When a liquid sound (/l/ or /r/) is produced as a glide (/y/ or /w/).
Eg. “ring” -> “wing”
System processes: What is pre-vocalic voicing (context sensitive voicing)?
The loss of voice/ voiceless contrast. Syllable initial consonant becomes voiced.
Eg. /pi/ -> /bi/
System: When does pre-vocalic voicing disappear?
2;6- 3 years
System processes: What is post-vocalic devoicing (context sensitive voicing)?
Substitution of voiced sound with voiceless sound in syllable final position.
Eg. “bag” -> /bak/
System: What is consonant cluster simplification?
Substitution of one or more consonants with an easier consonant.
Eg. “ski”-> /sti/
What are the system processes?
Fronting Stopping Deaffrication Gliding Pre-vocalic voicing Post-vocalic voicing
What is a phonological processes affecting structure?
Processes that describe changes to syllable structure (in typically developing children.).
What are the processes affecting structure?
Weak syllable deletion Reduplication Final consonant deletion Cluster reduction Epenthesis, Metathesis
What are the less common substitution processes?
Alveolarisation
Vocalisation
Labialisation
Stopping of liquids
What is alveolarisation?
Substitution of labiodental consonant with an alveolar consonant.
Eg. “feet” -> /sit/
Eg. “thumb”-> /sʌm/
What is vocalisation?
Substitution of syllabic consonant such as /l/ with vowel.
Eg. “apple” -> /apo/
What is labialisation?
Substitution of a non-labial consonant with a labial consonant.
Eg. “sun” -> /fʌn/
What is the stopping of liquids?
Substitution of a liquid consonant with a plosive consonant.
Eg. “run” -> /dʌn/
Can multiple processes occur at once?
Yes.
Eg. “sheep” -> /tip/ = fronting and stopping.
What are some atypical phonological processes?
Initial consonant deletion
Backing
What is initial consonant deletion?
First consonant in syllable initial and word initial position is deleted.
Eg. “feet” -> /it/
What is backing?
Target consonants produced at a posterior position.
Eg. “bat” -> /bak/
What do children pick up in the womb?
They learn to differentiate their mothers voice from other voices, as well as differentiating mothers language from other languages.
What do children do at birth?
They cry which has similar prosody of their native language.
What do children then learn from birth onwards?
They develop oromusculature and cognitive skills.
What are the “between child” factors affecting typical speech acquisition?
Age
Sex
Socioeconomic status
Language ability
What are the “within child” factors that affect speech acquisition?
Pragmatic= may avoid words they do not understand. Personal= performance may be affected by time of day, hunger, tiredness, boredom
What are the phonetic, phonological and lexical factors affecting speech acqusition?
Word frequency= high frequency words more accurate.
Vocabulary size= children with delayed babbling have smaller vocabularies.
Phonotactics= The longer the word, the higher chance of errors.
Phonetic complexity= how difficult sound is too artiulate.
Functional load= amount of word a sound does (ie. used in many words)
What are the early 8 consonants?
/m b j n w d p h/
What are the middle 8 consonants?
/t k ŋ g f v ʧ ʤ/
What are the late 8 consonants?
/ʃ θ s z ð l ɹ ʒ/
