Phonics Flashcards
production of speech sounds need:
adequate respiration, phonation, resonation, articulation
6 categories of phonetics
acoustic, auditory, articulatory/physiological, applied, experimental, descriptive
acoustic phonetics
articulation and acoustic signal; sound waves-periodicity and aperiodicity
auditory phonetics
hearing, perception, and speech processing
articulatory/physiological phonetics
production–how articulators produce individual sounds
applied phonetics
practical application of research
experimental phonetics
use objective laboratory techniques–scientifically analyze speech sounds
descriptive phonetics
unique sound properties of dialects and languages
allophones
variations of phonemes, dont change word meaning (like different pronunciations)
spirometer measures
lung volume
syllabics
liquids r, l
nasals m,n, -ng
all vowels
serve as a nucleus for a syllable
obstruents
affricates: ch, dz
fricatives: f,v, th, th, s, z, h, sh, s, shz
stops: p,b,t,d,k,g
made with notable air obstruction in vocal tract–produce friction sound or airstream completely stopped
silibants
longer duration more strdency
africates: ch, dz
fricatives: s,z, sh, shz
approximants
approximates the nature of contact between articulators
glides; w, j
liquids: r, l
rhotic
r
nasals
low frequency component added to sound
fricatives
firm velopharyngeal closure
affricates
fricative + stop; begins as stop released as a fricative
stops
complete closure of vocal tract
formed at alveolar, velar, and labial
glides
aka semivowles, sonorants
articulators go from partially constricted state to more open state–onglide
liquid
lease oral cavity restriction
vowel characteriztics
open vocal tract, all voiced, sonorants
tense vs lax vowels
tense: longer duration, increased tension
lax: shorter duration, less muscular tension
diphthongs
slow glide from one vowel (onglide) to adjacent vowel (offglide)
3 ways sounds influence each other
adaptations, assimilation, coarticulation
adaptation
variation in way articulators move and extent which vocal tract configurations
/m/ in meek vs moo
assimilation
modified due to influence of adjacent sounds, are perceptual changes
ex: “great zoo” /z/ is devoiced because of voiceless /t/
coarticulation
influence of 1 phoneme to another in production or perception
2 different articulators move simultaneously to produce 2 different speech sounds
-creates both adaptation and assimilation
suprasegmentals
features of prosody
add meaning, variety, and color
affected by culture, linguistic background, emotional state, gender, age
characteristics of stressed syllables
loud, longer, higher pitch, greater muscular effort
characteristics of unstressed syllables
soft, shorter, lower pitch, less muscular effort
most affect speech
length, stress, rate, pitch, volume, and juncture
pitch is determined by
mass, tension, elasticity of vocal folds
juncture
combination of suprasegmentals mark special distinctions or grammatical divisions–affect meaning
ex: intonation and pausing
