Phonics

Question 1

production of speech sounds need:

Answer 1

adequate respiration, phonation, resonation, articulation

Question 2

6 categories of phonetics

Answer 2

acoustic, auditory, articulatory/physiological, applied, experimental, descriptive

Question 3

acoustic phonetics

Answer 3

articulation and acoustic signal; sound waves-periodicity and aperiodicity

Question 4

auditory phonetics

Answer 4

hearing, perception, and speech processing

Question 5

articulatory/physiological phonetics

Answer 5

production–how articulators produce individual sounds

Question 6

applied phonetics

Answer 6

practical application of research

Question 7

experimental phonetics

Answer 7

use objective laboratory techniques–scientifically analyze speech sounds

Question 8

descriptive phonetics

Answer 8

unique sound properties of dialects and languages

Question 9

allophones

Answer 9

variations of phonemes, dont change word meaning (like different pronunciations)

Question 10

spirometer measures

Answer 10

lung volume

Question 11

syllabics

Answer 11

liquids r, l
nasals m,n, -ng
all vowels
serve as a nucleus for a syllable

Question 12

obstruents

Answer 12

affricates: ch, dz
fricatives: f,v, th, th, s, z, h, sh, s, shz
stops: p,b,t,d,k,g
made with notable air obstruction in vocal tract–produce friction sound or airstream completely stopped

Question 13

silibants

Answer 13

longer duration more strdency

africates: ch, dz
fricatives: s,z, sh, shz

Question 14

approximants

Answer 14

approximates the nature of contact between articulators
glides; w, j
liquids: r, l

Question 15

rhotic

Answer 15

r

Question 16

nasals

Answer 16

low frequency component added to sound

Question 17

fricatives

Answer 17

firm velopharyngeal closure

Question 18

affricates

Answer 18

fricative + stop; begins as stop released as a fricative

Question 19

stops

Answer 19

complete closure of vocal tract

formed at alveolar, velar, and labial

Question 20

glides

Answer 20

aka semivowles, sonorants

articulators go from partially constricted state to more open state–onglide

Question 21

liquid

Answer 21

lease oral cavity restriction

Question 22

vowel characteriztics

Answer 22

open vocal tract, all voiced, sonorants

Question 23

tense vs lax vowels

Answer 23

tense: longer duration, increased tension
lax: shorter duration, less muscular tension

Question 24

diphthongs

Answer 24

slow glide from one vowel (onglide) to adjacent vowel (offglide)

Question 25

3 ways sounds influence each other

Answer 25

adaptations, assimilation, coarticulation

Question 26

adaptation

Answer 26

variation in way articulators move and extent which vocal tract configurations
/m/ in meek vs moo

Question 27

assimilation

Answer 27

modified due to influence of adjacent sounds, are perceptual changes
ex: “great zoo” /z/ is devoiced because of voiceless /t/

Question 28

coarticulation

Answer 28

influence of 1 phoneme to another in production or perception
2 different articulators move simultaneously to produce 2 different speech sounds
-creates both adaptation and assimilation

Question 29

suprasegmentals

Answer 29

features of prosody
add meaning, variety, and color
affected by culture, linguistic background, emotional state, gender, age

Question 30

characteristics of stressed syllables

Answer 30

loud, longer, higher pitch, greater muscular effort

Question 31

characteristics of unstressed syllables

Answer 31

soft, shorter, lower pitch, less muscular effort

Question 32

most affect speech

Answer 32

length, stress, rate, pitch, volume, and juncture

Question 33

pitch is determined by

Answer 33

mass, tension, elasticity of vocal folds

Question 34

juncture

Answer 34

combination of suprasegmentals mark special distinctions or grammatical divisions–affect meaning
ex: intonation and pausing