Phonics Flashcards
Alliteration
Alliteration is the repetition of the first letter sound in a phrase.
Blend
to draw individual sounds together to pronounce a word, e.g. s-n-a-p, blended together, reads snap
Compound word
a word made by putting two or more words together (seesaw).
Cluster
two (or three) letters making two (or three) sounds, e.g. the first three letters of ‘straight’ are a consonant cluster
Consonants
phonemes marked by constriction or closure in the breath channel – letter other than a, e, i, o and u.
Consonant blend
a sequence of two or three consonants, each of which is heard with minimal change.
consonant digraph
consists of two consonants that together represent one sound (sh, ch, th, gh) – which is not associated with the constituent letters (ship, chip, phone, laugh). The “kn” in know is not a digraph, for example.’Wh’ may or may not be a digraph, depending on how it is spoken (for some speakers, weather and whether have different initial sounds)
Contraction
a short way to write two words as one by writing the two words together, leaving out one or more letters and replacing the missing letters by an apostrophe (cannot = can’t)
diphthong
phoneme where the mouth glides from one vowel sound directly into another in the same syllable – both vowels may be heard, but not quite making their usual sounds because of the blending. These include oi, oy, ow, and ou.
Final blends
blends of two or three-letter consonants which make only one sound. These include -ng, -nk, -sh, -ch, and -tch.
Grapheme
a letter or a group of letters representing one sound, e.g. sh, ch, igh, ough (as in ‘though’)
homographs
words which are spelled alike but have different sounds and meanings (bow and arrow vs. bow of a ship)
homonyms
words which sound the same but have different spellings and meanings (bear, bare)
Long Vowel Sounds
say the name of the letter – for example the letter “a” would be pronounced as “aiy” as in “hay” or “day”
Onset
the consonant sounds in a word that came before the first vowel sound in a syllable; Not all words or syllables have onsets (at, oar)
open syllable
a syllable that ends in a vowel sound, typically a long vowel sound (tiger, hotel)
Phonemes
basic sound unit of speech
Phonemic Awareness
the understanding that words are made up of individual sounds (phonemes); this is a sub-category of phonological awareness. It includes the ability to distinguish rhyme, blend sounds, isolate sounds (such as initial & final),segment sounds, and manipulate sounds in words.
Phonics
the relationships between the sounds of a language and the letters used to represent those sounds – a way of teaching reading and spelling that stresses symbol sound relationships
Phonological awareness
awareness of units of speech, such as words, syllables, and phonemes
Phonograms
a letter-sound combination that includes more than one grapheme or phoneme
Prefix
a syllable or group of syllables attached to the beginning of a word or root to change its meaning (reprint, unpack, dislike)
r-controlled vowels
An ‘r’ sound following a vowel sound almost always distorts the vowel, making such words harder to spell – cat/car. Common r-controlled vowels are: ar, er, ir, or, ur.
rime
the first vowel sound and any others that follow it in a syllable (cat, treat, chair). Cat,sat and fat rhyme because they share a rime. Each syllable in a word can be analyzed in terms of onset/rime: fantastic, playground, airplane.
Schwa
the vowel sound of any unaccented syllable in English
Short vowel sounds
the short vowel sounds are the first to be introduced, for example the letter “a” with the short vowel sound would sound like “a” as in “cat” or “sat”
soft c and g rule
when c or g is followed by e, i, or y, it is usually soft
split digraph
two letters, split, making one sound, e.g. a-e as in make or i-e in site
syllable patterns
English syllables can be grouped into basic patterns according to their use of consonant and vowels sounds: (CVC, CVVC, CVCe, CV, man, mean, mane, me). Keep in mind that a “C,” or consonant in these patterns may be a single consonant, digraph, blend, or cluster. Polysyllabic words can be broken down by syllable patterns (hopping = cvc-cvc, hoping = cv-cvc)
vowel digraph
two vowels together that make one phoneme or sound (bread, need, book, field)
y as a vowel rule
if y is the only vowel sound at the end of a one-syllable word, y has the sound of long i; if y is the only vowel at the end of a word of more than one syllable, y has a sound almost like long e
Syllabification
The division of words into syllables, either in speech or in writing.
Morpheme
The smallest unit of a word that provides a specific meaning to a string of letters (which is called a phoneme)
Phoneme Categorization
In this strategy, the teacher compiles a small sequence of similar words and asks students to identify the word that has a different or “odd” sound compared to the rest of the words.
Phoneme segmentation
the ability to break words down into individual sounds. For example, a child may break the word “sand” into its component sounds – /sss/, /aaa/, /nnn/, and /d/.
Phoneme Deletion
involves having students manipulate. spoken words by deleting specific phonemes
Phoneme identification
the ability to identify words that begin with the same sound
