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English language > Phonetics and Phonology > Flashcards

Phonetics and Phonology Flashcards

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1
Q

What is Phonetics?

how we make sounds

A

The study of speech sound

How we produce different sounds: consonant and vowels

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2
Q

What is Phonology?

what it sounds like

A

The study of the sound system of a language

How languages sound to self and others

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3
Q

There are how many sounds in the Australian English?

A

There are 44 sounds in Australian English but only 26 letters of the alphabet.

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4
Q

What other ways are required to make sounds?

A

This means that sometimes letter combinations are required to make a sound for example:
‘sh’ in ship,
‘ch’ in chip
‘ee’ in feed

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5
Q

How are speech sounds produced?

A

The vocal tract
The air from the lungs passes through the vocal tract, which turns it into different vowel or consonant sounds and then exits the vocal tract through the mouth or nose or both.

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6
Q

How are consonants made?

A

Place of articulation + manner of articulation + voicing = consonant

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7
Q

When does constriction take place?

A

The constriction takes place when the articulator (usually the tongue), moves to that location to obstruct the airflow.

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8
Q

What are the 3 commonly used manners of articulation?

A

Stops
Nasals:
Fricatives:

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9
Q

Stops Manner of articulation

bat, dare, cat

A

Total blockage of airflow in the mouth (b, d, k)

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10
Q

Nasals Manner of articulation

mate, no

A

Total closure of the mouth with the velum lowered so that air flows through the nose (m, n)

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11
Q

Fricatives Manner of articulation

(friend, zoom)

A

The airstream is partially blocked by two speech organs coming together and creating friction (f, z)

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12
Q

Affricate Manner of articulation

A

A stop followed by a fricative – a complete closure in the oral cavity followed by a slow release of air.

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13
Q

Approximant Manner of articulation

A

Sounds that come towards (approximate) their articulation point. They have a lower degree of constriction than stops or fricatives.

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14
Q

Lateral approximant Manner of articulation

A

represented by the ‘I’ consonant in English. It occurs when the airstream flows along the sides of the tongue, which is touching the teeth ridge and blocks the air from going through the middle of the mouth.

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15
Q

What is voicing?

A

The vibration of the vocal cords when a consonant sound is produced is called voicing.

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16
Q

Voiced (consonant) sounds cause?

A

vibrations in the glottis (throat) (buzz)

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17
Q

voiceless (consonant) sounds do?

A

do not vibrate (bus).

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18
Q

What do we consider when making vowel sounds?

A

The height of the tongue (high, medium, low) in the mouth. high: the vowel in me
medium: vowel in between the mouth as in ‘pet’
low: the vowel in ‘mat’
The front-back position of the tongue (front, central, back
The extent of lip-rounding (rounded or unrounded)

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19
Q

What are Monophthons?

A

A simple vowel that has the same sound throughout the pronunciation. e.g. the word ‘bin’

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20
Q

What is Diphthong?

A

Diphthongs are two vowel sounds or two symbols joined together rather than the single symbols for monophthongs. e.g. the word ‘mate’

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21
Q

What is an Elision?

We also elide (omit) sounds in rapid everyday speech purely for ease of pronunciation.

A

Refers to the omission (deletion) of a sound in connected speech.‘cos for because didn’t for did not).

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22
Q

What are vowel reductions?
(centralisation)

‘and’ may be reduced to (n), ‘to’ may be reduced to /tu/

A

Instead of disappearing completely, vowels in unstressed positions are reduced

23
Q

What is an Assimilation?

where the sound is affected by a preceding sound, or regressive, where the following sound is affected.

A

Assimilation occurs when a sound changes (or assimilates) to become more like a neighbouring sound.
‘Tuesday’ – choosday, ‘tissue’ as tiss-yoo, ‘sandwich’ – sanwich, ‘butter’ – budder

24
Q

What is an Insertion?

It is common for people to insert a vowel in ‘souvlaki’ so that it sounds like ‘souv-e-laki’;

A

Involves the addition of sounds where they don’t strictly belong.

25
Q

Decide whether these words are examples of assimilation, elision, vowel reduction, or insertion.
‘im (him)

A

Elision

26
Q

Decide whether these words are examples of assimilation, elision, vowel reduction or insertion.

Madder (matter)

A

Elision

27
Q

Decide whether these words are examples of assimilation, elision, vowel reduction or insertion.

Didn’choo (didn’t you)

A

Assimilation

28
Q

Decide whether these words are examples of assimilation, elision, vowel reduction or insertion.

Gedit? (get it?)

A

Assimilation

29
Q

Decide whether these words are examples of assimilation, elision, vowel reduction or insertion.

Dunno (don’t know)

A

Vowel reduction

30
Q

Decide whether these words are examples of assimilation, elision, vowel reduction or insertion.

Tiss-yoo (tissue)

A

Assimilation

31
Q

What are the Prosodic Features (SPITV)?

A 
Stress
Pitch
Intonation
Tempo
Volume
32
Q

Stress Prosodic Feature

This syllable is usually spoken with greater amplitude (loudness) and greater duration (length)

A

The degree of strength we use when we pronounce a syllable.

later, dinosaur, caterpillar, subtraction, catastrophe, dinner, beforehand

33
Q

Pitch Prosodic Feature

A

Refers to the ‘height’ of a sound in auditory terms, from low to high.

34
Q

When might somebody speak in a high pitch?

A

kbkj

35
Q

When might somebody speak in a low pitch?

A

,knb jk

36
Q

Why might somebody modulate their pitch?

A

mnb k.hjb

37
Q

Intonation Prosodic Feature

A

The pattern of pitch changes from falling to rising or vice versa.

38
Q

When / why do we use intonation?

A

mkbnbvkhj

39
Q

HRT (High Rising Terminal)

A

Involves a rising intonation at the end of a statement, so that the statement almost sounds like a question.

40
Q

Tempo Prosodic Feature

A

Tempo or pace concerns the speed at which we speak.

Tempo often reflects the function of the speech and the emotion of the speaker.

41
Q

Volume Prosodic Feature

A

Volume or loudness is also often modulated to communicate emotions.

42
Q

Activity Prosodic Feature

A

Prosody can also mean the study of the rhythms and sounds of language, and sometimes you can talk about the prosody of prose.

43
Q

What is the Phonological Patterning?

A 
Alliteration
Assonance
Consonance
Onomatopoeia
Rhythm
Rhyme
44
Q

Alliteration where and when would we use each one?

A

mbkbk

45
Q

Assonance where and when would we use each one?

A

is the repetition of identical vowel sounds within words e.g. the words ‘get’ and ‘better’ share the common ‘e’ sound.

46
Q

Consonance where and when would we use each one?

A

These words may be consecutive or simply close together in a phrase, such as ‘I’ was running to find my funny sunglasses.

47
Q

Onomatopoeia where and when would we use each one?

A

refers to a word formed by the imitation of a sound e.g. ‘splash’, ‘miaow’ as well as describing the formation of such words.

48
Q

Rhyme where and when would we use each one?

refers to the repetition of word endings that have the same (or similar) vowel and consonant sounds. E.g. might and bright, cat and fat

A

: refers to the pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables in speech. (e.g. A sailor went to sea, sea, sea)

49
Q

What are the 3 main types of Australian accents?

A

Broad accent, general accent, and cultivated accent. They are part of a continuum, reflecting variations in accent.

50
Q

What unique characteristics do different accents have?

A

accented syllable relative to the unaccented syllables may be realized through greater length, higher or lower pitch, a changing pitch contour, greater loudness, or a combination of these characteristics.

51
Q

Why has there been a decline in Broad Australian accents?

A

The Australian migration rate is a significant attribute to the fading of Broad Australian Accents.

52
Q

general accent

A

Roughly speaking, General accents represent the most common type of English spoken in Australia. This variation often uses more American and British words rather than idioms and words

53
Q

Broad Australian accent

A

Broad accents are usually described as more extreme (and associated with more working-class speech),

54
Q

Cultivated Australian accents

A

Cultivated Australian accents are a prestige variety somewhat closer to the British Received Pronunciation (although actual speakers of the latter are in the minority).

English language (7 decks)

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