Morphology And Lexicology Flashcards
Morphology
looking at how words are formed,
is the study of the structure of words, and seeing how they can be classified into different word classes (or parts of speech).
Lexicology
language and its vocabulary.
We look at the nature and function of words, their meanings, their behaviours, and how they interact in a language.
Free morphemes:
E.g. banana
words in their own right. They stand alone.
Bound morphemes:
E.g. ‘s’ marks possession meaning more than one and all of our prefixes and suffixes.
words that cannot stand alone independently and must be attached (bound) to a free morpheme.
Inflectional morphemes:
They are always suffixes, they attach to the end of words.
they do not change meaning or word class, they simply provide another additional grammatical information such as plurality, possession or tense.
Derivational morphemes:
they change the meaning of words, create new words and can sometimes change the word class (whether it is a noun, adjective, verb etc.)
Root morpheme/root word:
e.g. ‘unspeakable’ – speak
In other words, it is the morpheme that gives the word its main meaning.
Affixation
(prefixes such as dis- or im-) or at the end (suffixes such as –ment or –er).
Refer to the morphemes that we add words either at the front or end. They all belong to a category know as affixes.
Infixes
E.g. abso-bloody-lutely
refer to morphemes that can be added in the middle of a word. Standard English does not do this
Function and content words
Members of all word classes can also be categorized as either function or content words.
Function words:
Determiners, Auxiliary verbs, Modal verbs, Prepositions, Pronouns, Conjunctions, Interjections
hey exist to perform a job. Their most common function is to convey grammatical relationships between words in a sentence.
Content words:
Nouns, Adjectives, Verbs, Adverbs
words in a sentence that carry real-word meaning and provide content of a sentence.
What is the difference between inflectional and derivational morphemes?
Derivational morphemes make fundamental changes to the meaning of the stem whereas inflectional morphemes are used to mark grammatical information.
Define Morphology and lexicology
Morphology and Lexicology refers to the study of the internal structure of words or how they are formed.
WORD CLASS
There are 9 word classes and some may have different types.
- Nouns (n) - WORD CLASS
Can be concrete (touchable, can be known through the senses) or abstract (ideas, concepts, emotions).
Proper nouns
Collective nouns:
Plural nouns:
Proper nouns: are always capitalized and name specific things. E.g. Melbourne, Imogene, Flinders St Station.
Collective nouns: include the names for groups of animals, people and things.
Plural nouns: used to indicate that there is more than one of that noun (plural form)
- Adjectives (adj) - WORD CLASS
Time: soon, later
Frequency: always, occasionally, never
Manner: unconvincingly, slowly, torrentially
Place: around, everywhere, here, there
Degree: completely, totally, very, somewhat
They define or modify nouns. They can refer to qualities (‘red’, ‘round’), size (‘tiny’, ‘huge’), judgements (‘’wicked’, ‘attractive’), or degree of comparison (‘faster’).
- Adverbs (adv) - WORD CLASS
A word that describes ta verb adjactive or another adverb
- Determiners (d) - WORD CLASS
This. That. These. Those.
Determiners are used in front of nouns to indicate whether your are referring to something specific or somethings of a particular type.
- Pronouns (pron or pn) - WORD CLASS
A pronoun takes the place of a noun, or it may replace a person’s name.
Subject pronouns: I
Possessive pronouns: mine,
Relative pronouns: that,
Demonstrative pronouns: this,
Subject pronouns: I, we, they, you, she, he, it
Object pronouns: me, us, them, you, her, him, it
Possessive pronouns: mine, ours, theirs, yours, hers, his, its
Relative pronouns: that, who, whoever, whom, whomever, which, whichever
Demonstrative pronouns: this, that, these, those
- Prepositions (prep or p)- WORD CLASS
Where is the dog? Under the desk, behind the couch, in its kennel.
How did you create the picture? With photoshop, by manipulating an image.
A word showing the relationship between a noun or pronoun and another word.
- Interjections (int) - WORD CLASS
These words can stand alone or be placed before or after a sentence.
Uh-oh! Oh no! Hey!
An interjection is a strong feeling or reaction.
They are not grammatically related to the rest of the sentence.
Int can also include swear words, greetings, and other signaling words.
- Conjunctions (conj or cj) - WORD CLASS
Coordinating conjunctions: FANBOYS
Subordinating conjunctions
- Causational:
- Conditional:
- Comparative:
A conduction joins words and groups of words within a sentence.
Coordinating conjunctions: used to link words, phrases and clauses together.
for, and, nor, but, or , yet and so
Subordinating conjunctions: can only join clauses together.
Causational: because, since
Conditional: if … then, unless
Comparative: while, whereas
Count nouns and non- count nouns
Count nouns are nouns that can be counted and can therefore also be made plural e.g. ‘coin’, ‘book’ and non-count nouns refer to things that cannot be counted – traffic, information.
