Phonetics Flashcards
Energy source of sound
Lungs, air stream
Vibration location
vocal folds in larynx
Resonance location
The air in your pharyngeal, oral, and nasal cavities
How to change sound
change tension of vocal folds and reshape cavities
egressive air stream
from lungs out (most sounds)
ingressive air stream
from mouth to lungs
pulmonic airstream
lungs as a source (most sounds)
Parts of the vocal folds
epiglottis- cartilage flap
glottis- lumen
found in the larynx (cartilage)
4 states of the glottis that create tension, vibration and fundamental frequency
- Fully open, folds apart for free passage of air
- Fully closed, no passage of air
- close together but not shut (adducted)
- apart but vibrating (abducted)
Voicing states in modal voice
- Speech sounds without vibration are voiceless eg/ [s], [f]
- Speech sounds with vibration: voiced eg/ [z], [v]
(Modal voice changes meaning of words)
eg/ bus, buzz
2 non-modal voices
1 Breathy (denoted with dots under transcription) 2. Creaky (denoted with wave under transcription)
Pitch change
Correlates with sex/gender
Can indicate attitude
Can change meaning
Changes grammar
In tonal languages, can change word meaning
Occurs when there is more/less space for air to move
Vocal tract to abdomen constituents (high - low)
Vocal tract larynx trachea lungs external intercostal muscles diaphragm
Midsagittal section (front to back) (13)
lips/teeth nostril nasal cavity hard palate oral cavity tongue (tip, front, back, root) velum uvula pharynx epiglottis vocal folds glottis larynx
how are consonant and vowel sounds made?
consonant: when airflow is constricted to some degree
vowel: one which the airflow is not constricted
IPA
International phonetic alphabet
What side of the dot do voiceless consonants/ unrounded vowels go?
Left
What side of the dot do voiced consonants/rounded vowels go?
Right
X-axis: Place of articulation (11) consonants
Bilabial Labiodental Interdental Alveolar Post Alveolar Retroflex Palatal velar uvular Pharyngeal glottal
Y-axis: manner of articulation (8) consonants
Plosive Nasal Trill Tap or flap Fricative Lateral fricative Approximant Lateral approximant
Order of written expression IPA consonants
voicing - place - manner
eg. voiced alveolar fricative [z]
Order of written expressing IPA vowels
height - frontness - roundness
eg. close front unrounded [i]
Monophthongs
a vowel with one target (no change)
Diphthongs
A vowel with two targets (change in shape)
non-pulmonic articulations (3)
Implosives: ingressive Glotallic sounds
Ejectives: Egressive Glotallic sounds
Clicks: Ingressive Velaric sounds
Syllables notation
separated with a . (fullstop)
eg. tooth.paste
