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SLP A & P Exam 2 > Phonation Chapter 5 > Flashcards

Phonation Chapter 5 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the primary function of the larynx?

A

Protective function. Aspiration is when a foreign object enters the lungs. It can be life threatening.

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2
Q

What are the protective mechanisms of the larynx?

A

Coughing - forcefully expels material from the respiratory passageway
Throat clearing - clears the respiratory tract of mucus, VF slamming together to expel whatever is on them
Abdominal fixation - air is captured in the thorax to stabilize the torso

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3
Q

Mechanics of the VF

A

Elasticity - property of material to return to its original shape
Stiffness - strength of forces within a given material that restore it to its original shape after being distended
Inertia - the property of mass. A body in motion tends to stay in motion…it takes energy to move and stop mass. Inertia is what keeps it going

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4
Q

what is frequency of vibration in a body governed by

A

Elasticity, stiffness and mass. As mass increases, the frequency of the vibration decreases
Larger vocal folds have lower frequency and pitch

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5
Q

How are cycles measured?

A

Hertz

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6
Q

what is a cycle in reference to frequency?

A

One cycle is the time it takes for the vibration to complete, and one cycle is the period

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7
Q

What muscles control a frequency and stretch the VF?

A

Cricothyroid muscles

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8
Q

How are amplitude and intensity related?

A

Intensity is the relative power of an acoustic signal that’s measured in decibels
Intensity equals loudness
Intensity is sound
the loudness of a signal is directly related to its intensity. As intensity increases, the sound is perceived to be louder.

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9
Q

What is loudness?

A

It is subjective and it’s the psychological sensation of intensity
Can be measured in dB

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10
Q

What is each cycle of the vocal folds vibration caused by

A
  1. Subglottal air pressure that has been built up sufficiently to separate the folds
  2. Bernoulli effect - as the air is rushed in through the glottis at an increased velocity , it accounts for that sudden drop in pressure against the inner sides of each fold and it sucks them together again.
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11
Q

Abduction and adduction of the VF

A

Abduction is the VF going apart, adduction is the VF coming together

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12
Q

What is vibration of the VF?

A

The tissue interacting with the air flow in absence of repetitive muscular contraction

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13
Q

What is the Bernoulli effect?

A

Given a constant VOLUME flow of air or fluid, at the point of constriction there will be a DECREASE in pressure perpendicular to the flow and an INCREASE in velocity of the flow

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14
Q

How does air flow through VF?

A

Sound comes from the lungs out, the low pressure created behind the fast moving air column produces that Bernoulli effect which causes the bottom of the vibrating layer of the VF to close, but the body of the VF stay in place as the column of air pressure continues to move upward

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15
Q

What is the mucosal wave?

A

Rapid ordered closing and opening produced by the column of air

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16
Q

What happens if one VF is not working?

A

The wave is not going to occur and there will be a deficit

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17
Q

What happens in the mucosal wave?

A

Lower edge opens first
Upper edge which lets air through
The air column that flows through creates that Bernoulli effect
This causes the lower edge to close as it escapes upwards
Escaping puffs of air are converted to sound
Which is then transformed into voice by the vocal tract resonators

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18
Q

What are the 2 basic laryngeal movements?

A

Medial compression
Longitudinal tension
These two adjustments plus the variable air supply accounts for the versatility of the human voice

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19
Q

what is medial compression

A

The force with which the vocal folds are brought together

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20
Q

What is longitudinal tension

A

Extent of the stretching force

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21
Q

Pre-phonation phase

A

An aspect of the onset of phonation, when the vocal folds move from an abducted position
Supported by intrinsic laryngeal muscles
Direct relationship by the extent of medial compression and magnitude of an air pressure required to force the vocal folds apart to initiate phonation

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22
Q

What are the 3 basic laryngeal adjustments necessary for phonation?

A

Attack
Sustained phonation
Termination

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23
Q

What is attack

A

Necessary to begin voicing. Beginning of the initiation of phonation
Occurs due to the Bernoulli principle and muscular processes

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24
Q

What is sustained phonation

A

To control the vibration

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25
What is simultaneous vocal attack?
Abduction and the onset of respiration occurs simultaneously Usually done when producing words with initial voicing
26
What is breathy vocal attack?
Significant air flow that occurs before adducting the vocal folds Happens during continuous speech because we maintain the flow of air Inadequate adduction and it’s usually caused by tissue that obstructs adduction
27
What is a glottal attack?
Abduction occurs prior to the air flow. I.e. cough, words begin with a stressed vowel
28
What is constant in all types of attack?
Adduction
29
What is termination?
When the vocal folds open to reduce turbulence and using muscular action and the vocal folds stop vibrating
30
What is the primary movement of the arytenoids?
Rocking inward b/c of the lateral cricoarytenoid and the thyromuscularis and the oblique and transverse arytenoids
31
what causes the glottis to lengthen?
The cricothyroid and posterior cricoarytenoid
32
What is the purpose of abduction and adduction in speech?
Sustained phonation Requires maintenance of the laryngeal posture Tonic contraction moves the VF into position by the muscles and held there so the physical aspects interact with the air flow causing vibration Thyrovocalis tensor and thyromuscularis relaxer hold the sustained posture
33
What is VF vibration?
The aerodynamic interaction with the elastic characteristics of the VF. This creates the periodic wave and Bernoulli effect.
34
What is modal register/foundation?
Pattern of foundation used in daily conversation Is the most efficient Vertical mode of the vocal folds open bottom to top and close bottom to top
35
Vocal fundamentals frequency
Derived from the rate at which the sound source vibrates and harmonics
36
How do you determine fundamental frequency?
Frequency of vibration and harmonics
37
Harmonics
Each harmonic is a whole number of multiple of the fundamental frequency anterior to posterior vibration
38
High registers
Falsetto is the highest register, vocal folds vibrate along the tensed bowed portion, making contact only briefly. Degree of movement is severely reduced Whistle is a high register with a frequency of up to 2500 HHertz
39
Pressed phonation
Medial compression is greatly increased
40
Whispering
Not a voice but laryngeal adjustments, it is strenuous and can cause vocal fatigue
41
Breathy phonation
Vocal folds are inadequately approximated
42
Pitch categories
Optimal Habitual Pitch range Pitch change
43
What is habitual pitch
Frequency of vibration of the vocal folds that is habitually used during speech, should be the same as optimal pitch
44
What is pitch?
It is a sensation. Psychological correlate of frequency, measured by the listeners perception of the frequency, can be measured by instruments. As frequency increases, pitch increases and vice versa
45
Optimal pitch
Most optimal for an individual. Varies as a function of sex and age Reason for difference is related to tissue mass and the length of the vocal folds
46
What is pitch range?
The range of the fundamental frequency for an indiindividual, calculated as the difference between the highest and lowest frequencies changes due to stretching and tensing Tensing of the vocal fold causes the cricothyroid and the thyrovocalis muscles to be used
47
What is pitch and register dependent on?
Frequency of the vocal folds vibrating Pattern or mode of the vocal folds vibrating Shape and the size of the vocal folds
48
What is puberphonia?
Functional voice disorder that is characterized by the habitual use of a high pitched voice after puberty
49
Changing elements due to tension
When tension on the vocal folds is increased, the natural frequency of the vibration will increase. But the cricothyroid muscle is increased by/c the thyroid tilts down and lengthens the vocal folds and increases the fundamental frequency
50
Changing elements - length
As mass of the vibrating body decreases, frequency of vibration will increase Mass is constant and it changes by lengthening and tensing vocal folds longer and thinner in appearance Lowering the fundament frequency requires opposite manipulation
51
Fo fundamental frequency - changing elements
When there is an increased fundamental frequency, we’re going to lengthen the VF, we have decreased fundamental frequency, we are going to shorten the VF
52
Subglottal pressure - changing elements
Interacts with tissue elasticity and constriction of the airway to initiate and change phonation Has to be greater than the other pressures in order to maintain air flow through the VF No subglottal pressure - no phonation Increasing pitch requires increasing tension of the system thereby increasing the glottal resistance to airflow which increases sub glottal pressure
53
Intensity
Translates to loudness Take in more air and the vocal folds tighten Have to have a lot of subglottal pressure for intensity Also requires medial compression
54
What is jitter?
The measure of variability and frequency or pitch Indicator of vocal quality Increased jitter can indicate a breathy, strained or rough voice, mass or nodules will increase perturbation Therapy goal is to reduce jitter
55
What is shimmer
Measures variability in amplitude Increased shimmer can indicate a breathy or hoarse quality
56
Maximum phonation time
If the person can not sustain awww for long then it indicates there is a problem
57
Linguistic aspects of pitch and intensity
Suprasegment (prosody) - pitch, intonation, loudness, stress, duration, rhythm Monopitch Monoloudness
58
Myoelastic aerodynamic theory of phonation
Vibration of the vocal folds depends on the elements embodied in the name of the theory. Van den Berg Elastic refers to elastic recoil and the muscles that adjust, aerodynamic refers to Bernouili effect Air flow going through a narrow opening speeds up, which creates a drop in pressure against the vocal folds. Drop in pressure sucks the vocal folds back together.
59
Cover body theory
Activity of the intrinsic laryngeal muscles determining acoustic characteristics of phonation. Cover = mucous membrane Body - muscle fibers
60
Voice disorders - nodules
Characteristics: Raspy Hoarse Breathy Easily fatigue Loss of vocal range and endurance Increased effort
61
Voice Disorders - polyps
Fluid filled lesion Characteristics: Hoarse Breathy Rough voice Harsh Shooting pain ear to ear Lump in the throat Neck pain Decreased rain Voice/body fatigue
62
Voice Disorders - hyperfunctional voice disorder - vocal misuse
Hoarse Rough/scratchy Vocal fatigue Increased effort Throat tenderness and soreness Reduced range
63
Vocal hygiene
Hydration Avoid: caffeine, smoking, alcohol, throat clearing, habitual coughing Management reflux Get plenty of rest

SLP A & P Exam 2 (7 decks)

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