Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

SLP A & P Exam 2 > Phonation Chapter 5 > Flashcards

Phonation Chapter 5 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the primary function of the larynx?

A

Protective function. Aspiration is when a foreign object enters the lungs. It can be life threatening.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the protective mechanisms of the larynx?

A

Coughing - forcefully expels material from the respiratory passageway
Throat clearing - clears the respiratory tract of mucus, VF slamming together to expel whatever is on them
Abdominal fixation - air is captured in the thorax to stabilize the torso

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Mechanics of the VF

A

Elasticity - property of material to return to its original shape
Stiffness - strength of forces within a given material that restore it to its original shape after being distended
Inertia - the property of mass. A body in motion tends to stay in motion…it takes energy to move and stop mass. Inertia is what keeps it going

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what is frequency of vibration in a body governed by

A

Elasticity, stiffness and mass. As mass increases, the frequency of the vibration decreases
Larger vocal folds have lower frequency and pitch

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

How are cycles measured?

A

Hertz

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what is a cycle in reference to frequency?

A

One cycle is the time it takes for the vibration to complete, and one cycle is the period

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What muscles control a frequency and stretch the VF?

A

Cricothyroid muscles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

How are amplitude and intensity related?

A

Intensity is the relative power of an acoustic signal that’s measured in decibels
Intensity equals loudness
Intensity is sound
the loudness of a signal is directly related to its intensity. As intensity increases, the sound is perceived to be louder.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is loudness?

A

It is subjective and it’s the psychological sensation of intensity
Can be measured in dB

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is each cycle of the vocal folds vibration caused by

A
  1. Subglottal air pressure that has been built up sufficiently to separate the folds
  2. Bernoulli effect - as the air is rushed in through the glottis at an increased velocity , it accounts for that sudden drop in pressure against the inner sides of each fold and it sucks them together again.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Abduction and adduction of the VF

A

Abduction is the VF going apart, adduction is the VF coming together

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is vibration of the VF?

A

The tissue interacting with the air flow in absence of repetitive muscular contraction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the Bernoulli effect?

A

Given a constant VOLUME flow of air or fluid, at the point of constriction there will be a DECREASE in pressure perpendicular to the flow and an INCREASE in velocity of the flow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

How does air flow through VF?

A

Sound comes from the lungs out, the low pressure created behind the fast moving air column produces that Bernoulli effect which causes the bottom of the vibrating layer of the VF to close, but the body of the VF stay in place as the column of air pressure continues to move upward

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the mucosal wave?

A

Rapid ordered closing and opening produced by the column of air

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What happens if one VF is not working?

A

The wave is not going to occur and there will be a deficit

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What happens in the mucosal wave?

A

Lower edge opens first
Upper edge which lets air through
The air column that flows through creates that Bernoulli effect
This causes the lower edge to close as it escapes upwards
Escaping puffs of air are converted to sound
Which is then transformed into voice by the vocal tract resonators

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are the 2 basic laryngeal movements?

A

Medial compression
Longitudinal tension
These two adjustments plus the variable air supply accounts for the versatility of the human voice

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what is medial compression

A

The force with which the vocal folds are brought together

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is longitudinal tension

A

Extent of the stretching force

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Pre-phonation phase

A

An aspect of the onset of phonation, when the vocal folds move from an abducted position
Supported by intrinsic laryngeal muscles
Direct relationship by the extent of medial compression and magnitude of an air pressure required to force the vocal folds apart to initiate phonation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are the 3 basic laryngeal adjustments necessary for phonation?

A

Attack
Sustained phonation
Termination

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is attack

A

Necessary to begin voicing. Beginning of the initiation of phonation
Occurs due to the Bernoulli principle and muscular processes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is sustained phonation

A

To control the vibration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What is simultaneous vocal attack?

A

Abduction and the onset of respiration occurs simultaneously
Usually done when producing words with initial voicing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What is breathy vocal attack?

A

Significant air flow that occurs before adducting the vocal folds
Happens during continuous speech because we maintain the flow of air
Inadequate adduction and it’s usually caused by tissue that obstructs adduction

27
Q

What is a glottal attack?

A

Abduction occurs prior to the air flow. I.e. cough, words begin with a stressed vowel

28
Q

What is constant in all types of attack?

A

Adduction

29
Q

What is termination?

A

When the vocal folds open to reduce turbulence and using muscular action and the vocal folds stop vibrating

30
Q

What is the primary movement of the arytenoids?

A

Rocking inward b/c of the lateral cricoarytenoid and the thyromuscularis and the oblique and transverse arytenoids

31
Q

what causes the glottis to lengthen?

A

The cricothyroid and posterior cricoarytenoid

32
Q

What is the purpose of abduction and adduction in speech?

A

Sustained phonation
Requires maintenance of the laryngeal posture
Tonic contraction moves the VF into position by the muscles and held there so the physical aspects interact with the air flow causing vibration
Thyrovocalis tensor and thyromuscularis relaxer hold the sustained posture

33
Q

What is VF vibration?

A

The aerodynamic interaction with the elastic characteristics of the VF. This creates the periodic wave and Bernoulli effect.

34
Q

What is modal register/foundation?

A

Pattern of foundation used in daily conversation
Is the most efficient
Vertical mode of the vocal folds open bottom to top and close bottom to top

35
Q

Vocal fundamentals frequency

A

Derived from the rate at which the sound source vibrates and harmonics

36
Q

How do you determine fundamental frequency?

A

Frequency of vibration and harmonics

37
Q

Harmonics

A

Each harmonic is a whole number of multiple of the fundamental frequency anterior to posterior vibration

38
Q

High registers

A

Falsetto is the highest register, vocal folds vibrate along the tensed bowed portion, making contact only briefly. Degree of movement is severely reduced
Whistle is a high register with a frequency of up to 2500 HHertz

39
Q

Pressed phonation

A

Medial compression is greatly increased

40
Q

Whispering

A

Not a voice but laryngeal adjustments, it is strenuous and can cause vocal fatigue

41
Q

Breathy phonation

A

Vocal folds are inadequately approximated

42
Q

Pitch categories

A

Optimal
Habitual
Pitch range
Pitch change

43
Q

What is habitual pitch

A

Frequency of vibration of the vocal folds that is habitually used during speech, should be the same as optimal pitch

44
Q

What is pitch?

A

It is a sensation. Psychological correlate of frequency, measured by the listeners perception of the frequency, can be measured by instruments.
As frequency increases, pitch increases and vice versa

45
Q

Optimal pitch

A

Most optimal for an individual.
Varies as a function of sex and age
Reason for difference is related to tissue mass and the length of the vocal folds

46
Q

What is pitch range?

A

The range of the fundamental frequency for an indiindividual, calculated as the difference between the highest and lowest frequencies changes due to stretching and tensing
Tensing of the vocal fold causes the cricothyroid and the thyrovocalis muscles to be used

47
Q

What is pitch and register dependent on?

A

Frequency of the vocal folds vibrating
Pattern or mode of the vocal folds vibrating
Shape and the size of the vocal folds

48
Q

What is puberphonia?

A

Functional voice disorder that is characterized by the habitual use of a high pitched voice after puberty

49
Q

Changing elements due to tension

A

When tension on the vocal folds is increased, the natural frequency of the vibration will increase. But the cricothyroid muscle is increased by/c the thyroid tilts down and lengthens the vocal folds and increases the fundamental frequency

50
Q

Changing elements - length

A

As mass of the vibrating body decreases, frequency of vibration will increase
Mass is constant and it changes by lengthening and tensing
vocal folds longer and thinner in appearance
Lowering the fundament frequency requires opposite manipulation

51
Q

Fo fundamental frequency - changing elements

A

When there is an increased fundamental frequency, we’re going to lengthen the VF, we have decreased fundamental frequency, we are going to shorten the VF

52
Q

Subglottal pressure - changing elements

A

Interacts with tissue elasticity and constriction of the airway to initiate and change phonation
Has to be greater than the other pressures in order to maintain air flow through the VF
No subglottal pressure - no phonation
Increasing pitch requires increasing tension of the system thereby increasing the glottal resistance to airflow which increases sub glottal pressure

53
Q

Intensity

A

Translates to loudness
Take in more air and the vocal folds tighten
Have to have a lot of subglottal pressure for intensity
Also requires medial compression

54
Q

What is jitter?

A

The measure of variability and frequency or pitch
Indicator of vocal quality
Increased jitter can indicate a breathy, strained or rough voice, mass or nodules will increase perturbation
Therapy goal is to reduce jitter

55
Q

What is shimmer

A

Measures variability in amplitude
Increased shimmer can indicate a breathy or hoarse quality

56
Q

Maximum phonation time

A

If the person can not sustain awww for long then it indicates there is a problem

57
Q

Linguistic aspects of pitch and intensity

A

Suprasegment (prosody) - pitch, intonation, loudness, stress, duration, rhythm
Monopitch
Monoloudness

58
Q

Myoelastic aerodynamic theory of phonation

A

Vibration of the vocal folds depends on the elements embodied in the name of the theory.
Van den Berg
Elastic refers to elastic recoil and the muscles that adjust, aerodynamic refers to Bernouili effect
Air flow going through a narrow opening speeds up, which creates a drop in pressure against the vocal folds. Drop in pressure sucks the vocal folds back together.

59
Q

Cover body theory

A

Activity of the intrinsic laryngeal muscles determining acoustic characteristics of phonation.
Cover = mucous membrane
Body - muscle fibers

60
Q

Voice disorders - nodules

A

Characteristics:
Raspy
Hoarse
Breathy
Easily fatigue
Loss of vocal range and endurance
Increased effort

61
Q

Voice Disorders - polyps

A

Fluid filled lesion
Characteristics:
Hoarse
Breathy
Rough voice
Harsh
Shooting pain ear to ear
Lump in the throat
Neck pain
Decreased rain
Voice/body fatigue

62
Q

Voice Disorders - hyperfunctional voice disorder - vocal misuse

A

Hoarse
Rough/scratchy
Vocal fatigue
Increased effort
Throat tenderness and soreness
Reduced range

63
Q

Vocal hygiene

A

Hydration
Avoid: caffeine, smoking, alcohol, throat clearing, habitual coughing
Management reflux
Get plenty of rest

SLP A & P Exam 2 (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions