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Jojos Phlebotomy > Phlebotomy > Flashcards

Phlebotomy Flashcards

1
Q

What is Atherosclerosis?

Athero means paste

A

Atherosclerosis is a hardening and blocking of the arteries
Athero=paste
Sclerosis = hardening

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2
Q

What does arteriosclerosis mean?

A

Arteriosclerosis literally means a hardening if the arteries.
The arteries become thick and stiff and less elastic, restricting blood flow.

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3
Q

What is hypoxia?
Hypo = low
Oxia = oxygen

A

Loss of oxygen to tissue cells, leading to cellular injury if deprived long enough eventually apoptosis or cell death.

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4
Q

What does the word phlebotomy mean?

A

It is a Greek word that means vein incision.
Phlebos = vein
Tome = incisión

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5
Q

What is venesection?

A

This is a Latin term meaning vein cutting.
Vena=vein
Sectio = cutting

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6
Q

What direction do veins transport blood?

A

Veins transport blood towards the heart. They have thinner walls and are not as elastic as arteries and they have valves to stop the back flow of blood and keep it moving in one direction.

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7
Q

What causes the condition called cardiac tamponase? What does this condition do?

A

Cardiac tamponade is excessive fluid in the pericardial space. This condition impairs the ability of the heart to pump blood around the body.

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8
Q

The heart must receive oxygen to live, how does the heart get oxygenated blood?

A

The heart gets oxygenated blood via a vast network of tiny arteries on the surface of the heart called coronary arteries. The heart is the first organ to receive oxygenated blood.

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9
Q

Explain myocardial infarction?

Heart attack

A

Heart tissue death due to an interruption in oxygenated blood to the heart muscle.
Infarction = tissue death
Myocardial = middle layer of the heart

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10
Q

What is the name of the fluid sac that surrounds and protects the heart?

A

The pericardium

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11
Q

How does a heart attack occur?

A

The coronary arteries become blocked and oxygenated blood to the myocardium is disrupted. The heart mussel tissue starts to die leading to heart attack.

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12
Q

Coronary veins travel alongside coronary arteries, these veins progress into the largest vein on the surface of the heart. What is this vein called?

A

The coronary sinus, it receives most of the blood from the walls of the heart, and empties into the right atrium

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13
Q

What are the two types of circulation, and what is the path of each?

A
  1. Pulmonary circulation =
    heart -lungs-heart.
    Right ventricle to the lungs and back to the left atrium of the heart.
  2. Systemic circulation =
    Heart-body-heart
    Left ventricle to body tissues and back to right atrium.
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14
Q

What is ischemia?
Isch means STOP
Emia means BLOOD

A

Lack of adequate oxygen to the tissues due to insufficient blood flow. Most often caused by a blockage to the arteries.
Note: more server than hypoxia

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15
Q

Approx what does a healthy heart weight and what influences the weight?

A

A healthy heart weights approx 11 ounces (312g)
This can be influenced be age, weight, physical condition and disease.
A healthy heart is about the size of a mans fist.

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16
Q

Before veins flow to capillaries they must become smaller what are these smaller veins called?

A

Venules

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17
Q

What vein delivers oxygenated blood back to the heart?

A

The pulmonary vein. Returns blood to the left atrium once it has been oxygenated in the lungs.

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18
Q

Where is the Apex of the heart?

What chamber of the heart forms the apex?

A

The Apex lies just above

the diaphragm between the 5th and 6th ribs on the left side of the chest. Formed by tip of the left ventricle

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19
Q

Where is the base of the heart and what chamber forms most of the base?

A

The base of the heart is found behind the 2nd rib in front of the descending aorta. It is formed mainly by the left atrium and part of the right atria.

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20
Q

What is a haematoma

A

A haematoma is a solid swelling of clotted blood within the tissues

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21
Q

What are anticoagulants?

A 
Chemicals the prohibit blood clotting. Blood thinners.
Examples:
Heparin 
Warfarin 
Rivaroxaban
Dabigatran
Apixaban
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22
Q

What is clinical pathology?

A

Clinical pathology is the testing of blood and body fluids

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23
Q

What is anatomic pathology?

A

Anatomic pathology studies tissue samples and bodies

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24
Q

Name some of the departments in clinical pathology?

A 
Biochemistry
Haematology
Blood bank
Serology
Microbiology
Cytogenetics
Cytology
Virology
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25
Q

How many valves in the heart and what are they called?

A

There are 4 valves in the heart.
The valves between the Atria and the ventricles are sometimes called AV Valves.
On the right side of the heart we have the tricuspid valve and the pulmonic valve.
On the left side of the heart we have the bicuspid or mitral valve and the aortic valve

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26
Q

What tests are carried out in the urinalysis dept of the laboratory?

A

Urinalysis dept performs tests on urine. They detect disorders and infections of the kidneys and urinary tract. They also detect disorders such as diabetes

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27
Q

What % of the blood is plasma?

A

55% of the blood is plasma

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28
Q

What % of the blood is cells?

Name the components making up the cell portion of the blood?

A

45% of the blood is make up of cells. This section of the blood consists of 3 components.

  1. Erythrocytes
  2. Leukocytes
  3. Thrombocytes
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29
Q

What % plasma is water? What components are in the other %

A

90% of plasma is water, the other 10% are cells transporting hormones, proteins, electrolytes and fibrinogen.

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30
Q

What is the function of the septum’s?

A

The septum prevents deoxygenated and oxygenated blood from mixing. It divides the left and right side if the heart into two seperate pumps.

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31
Q

What are the 4 chambers of the heart?

A

Right Atrium
Right ventricle
Left atrium
Left ventricle

32
Q

What is studied in the coagulation dept of the laboratory?

A

Haemostasis is studied in the coag dept. this is the ability of the blood to form and dissolve clots. The lab usually requires a light blue top sodium citrate tube. Most tests are performed on plasma samples. Common tests are PT Aptt

33
Q 
Medical words ending in 
-ic 
-al
-um
Mean what?
A

Pertaining to.
E. G. Endocardium
Pertaining to the heart

34
Q

What is the correct order of draw when taking blood samples?

A 
Blood cultures
Light blue
Red/Yellow
Light green
Dark green
Pink/Lavender
Strek 
Grey
35
Q

Describe the heart?

A

Hollow muscular organ with 4 valves and 4 chambers. Triangular shape with base at the top and apex at the bottom. Approx 11oz (312g) and size of a mans fist. Beating 60 -100 times a minute.

36
Q

Name all the components of the right side of the heart?

A
  1. Vena cava
  2. Right atria
  3. Tricuspid valve
  4. Right ventricle
  5. Pulmonic valve
  6. Pulmonary artery
37
Q

What does the blood bank dept of the lab do? When taking specimens for this department what do you need to consider?

A

Blood is collected, stored and prepared for transfusion. You must follow stringent labelling procedures for x- matching specimens
Hand write patients name, d.o.b, date and time of collection, signature of collector.
Get a colleague to check your hand written tube with the requisition form. Everything must correspond.

38
Q

Why do veins have valves?

A

Veins have valves to help prevent the back flow of blood. They help to keep the blood flowing in one direction.

39
Q

What is haemolysis? How can this occur during blood collection?

A

Haemolysis is the rupture of rbc and the release of haemoglobin this can occur if the tourniquet is left on too long. Excessive probing of the vein. Too small needle is used, to vigorous mixing is done. Improper placement of needle into the vein. Incorrect transportation to the lab.

40
Q

Veins carry deoxygenated blood, with one exception. What is that vein and why is it called a vein not an artery?

A

The Pulmonary vein carries oxygenated blood back to the left atrium from the lungs. It is called a vein because it takes blood towards the heart.

41
Q

What are the common tests performed in the haematology dept?

A

Haematology counts and classifies blood cells, common tests are CBC, ESR, Reticulocytes.
Purple top EDTA Tube is required. Smaller labs often include a coagulation dept as part of their haematology dept. they carry out haemostasis tests using blue sodium citrate tube

42
Q

What is thromboplastin?

A

Thromboplastin is an enzyme released by damaged cells(especially platelets) it converts prothrombin to thrombin in the early stages of blood clotting.

43
Q

What and where is the Inter ventricular septum?

A

The Inter ventricular septum is the name of the mussel wall between the left and right ventricles if the heart.

44
Q

What are some interesting points about the aorta artery?

A

The aorta artery is the largest artery in the human body . The word aorta means ‘to lift’ or to ‘raise’ this is because it raises out of the base of the heart in the form of an arch and so is called the aortic arch. The aortic arch delivers blood to the arms, neck and head.

45
Q

What can cause a haematoma during blood collection?

A

Poor technique, using a needle too big for the vein, tight sleeves, coagulation conditions, not placing enough pressure on site after removing the needle, improperly placed needle

46
Q

How do you prevent a haematoma?

A

Puncture only the uppermost wall of the vein. Loosen the tourniquet and remove the tube from the needle before taking the needle out of the arm. Use major superficial veins. Apply pressure to the site until bleeding has completely stopped.

47
Q

What are the perfered veins for venipuncture?

A

Median cubical vein , cephelic vein are preferred. Hand veins are acceptable but avoid the basilic vein.

48
Q

Why do you avoid the basilic vein?

A

Because if its close proximity to the brachial artery

49
Q

What veins must not be used?

A

Veins on the wrist and inside lower forearm

50
Q

What is oedema?

A

Oedema is an abnormal accumulation of fluid in the intercellular spaces of the body. Phlebotomists should not take specimens from these sites because veins are difficult to palpate and enter and the specimen may be contaminated with fluid

51
Q

What is Petechiae?

A

Tiny, non raise red/purple spots on the skin. Causes can be low platelets and or vascular fragility, indicate that venipuncture site may bleed excessively.

52
Q

What is the name of the Dept that evaluates immune response through the production of antibodies?

A

Serology- identifies antibodies and antigens in a patients serum sample.

53
Q

Veins carry de-oxygenated blood with one exception, what’s that exception?

A

The Pulmonary Vein, transports oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart. It is called a vein because it goes toward the heart.

54
Q

Name all the parts of the left side of the heart?

A
  1. Pulmonary Vein
  2. Left Atria
  3. Bicuspid valve (Mitral valve)
  4. Left ventricle
  5. Aortic Valve
  6. Aorta to body
55
Q

What parts of the body does the descending Aorta take oxygenated blood to?

A

The defending Aorta runs behind the heart and takes oxygenated blood to arteries in the abdomen, pelvis and legs.

56
Q

What usually blocks the hearts arteries?

A

Fatty deposits called plaques

57
Q

What is the thick muscular wall between the hearts right and left sides. Between the Atrium is called one name and between the ventricles is called another?

A

Between the Atrium is called Interatrial Septum

Between the ventricles is called
Interventricular septum

58
Q

How does blood move through the veins?

A

Primarily through muscle contraction. There is some movement due to the heart pumping but it is minimal.

59
Q

Describe erythrocytes, what do the do?

A

Erythrocytes have NO Nucleus so the can hold more oxygen molecules. They are bi concave in shape and covered in haematologist molecules to hold onto oxygen and carbon dioxide. They live for 120 days and are created in the bone marrow.

60
Q

Arteries have thick elastic walls that expand and contract. They are made up of 3 layers, name the 3 layers?

A
  1. Túnica Externa (outer layer)
  2. Túnica media (middle layer)
  3. Túnica íntima (inner layer)
61
Q

What are the outflow valves of the heart and what side are the on?

A

The outflow valves or semilunar valves are pulmonic valve which is on the right side of the heart and the aortic valve which is on the left side of the heart.

62
Q

What are the 1 cell thick structures that cover every organ throughout the body and what is their function?

A

The capillaries, they deliver oxygen and nutrients to the bodies cells. They also remove waste products.

63
Q

Why is venous blood dark red?

A

Because of the absence of oxygen molecules on the red blood cells

64
Q

What sort of blood enters the right side of the heart and through which vein does it enter?
Note interesting points about this vein?

A

De-oxygenated blood enters the right side of the heart, through the vena cava. The vena cava is the largest vein in the body.

65
Q

What is cardiac anatomy and cardiac physiology?

A

Cardiac anatomy is the study of the heart structure/components
Cardiac physiology is the study of how those components work together.
Study of the heart and how it works

66
Q

What is the preferred choice of veins in the patient with an H shape pattern? In order if preference.

A
  1. Median cubical vein in centre of the antecubital area.
  2. Cephalic Vein located on the lateral side of the antecubital area
  3. Basilic vein located on the medial side of the antecubital area.
67
Q

What is the preferred choice of veins in the patient with an M shape pattern? In order if preference.

A
  1. Median vein in centre of the antecubital area.
  2. Median Cephalic Vein located on the lateral side of the antecubital area
  3. Median Basilic vein located on the medial side of the antecubital area.
68
Q

Why don’t we use veins in the leg, ankle or foot?

A

Because if the risk of complications such as phlebitis or thrombosis
Phlebitis is inflammation/ redness

69
Q

Nerves in hands and fingers begin at the shoulder. What are these nerves and where do they run?

A

The radial nerve- runs along the thumb side edge (lateral side) of the forearm.
The median nerve- travels through a tunnel in the middle of the wrist called carpal tunnel.
The ulnar nerve, travels through a separate tunnel called guyons tunnel. The ulnar nerve travels along the medial side of the forearm

70
Q

What vessels travel alongside the hand nerves?

A

The radial artery - main artery of the lateral aspect of the forearm
The ulnar artery - located on the medial aspects of the forearm. It arises from the brachial artery and terminates in the superficial palmar arch,
The Persistent median - 1.
The hand receives its blood supply from the ulnar and radial arteries. In some people, the median artery, typically from the ulnar artery, may persist after birth, and not regress, as it does usually in the second month of intrauterine life.

71
Q

What is intrauterine life?

A

that interval of life between conception and birth; in humans, usually divided into embryonic and fetal periods.

72
Q

What is the main nerve to the foot and where is it?

A

The tibial nerve, it enters the sole of the foot by running behind the inside bump of the ankle supplying sensation to toes and the sole.

73
Q

What nerves run down the top of the foot?

A

The superficial peronela and the deep peronela. Providing sensation to the top and outside edge of the foot.

74
Q

What artery is the main blood supply to the foot?

A

The posteria tibial artery travels to the sole of the foot and forms an arch behind the ball of the foot.

75
Q

There is an artery running down the centre top of foot what is this artery called?

A

The Doralis Pedís Artery, you can feel your pulse in this artery

Jojos Phlebotomy (6 decks)

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