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P.RE > Philosphy > Flashcards

Philosphy Flashcards

1
Q

Rationalism

A

The view that the primary source of knowledge is reason

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2
Q

Empiricism

A

The idea that observations via our senses leads us to understanding of the world

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3
Q

Reason

A

Using logical thought in order to reach conclusions

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4
Q

A-priori Knowldege

A

Knowledge which is not dependant on experience can be known prior to experience

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5
Q

A-priori Knowldege example

A

Triangles have three sides

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6
Q

A-posteriori knowledge

A

Knowledge which is dependent on sense experience, can only be known after sense experience I.e it must be investigated

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7
Q

A-posteriori knowledge Example

A

I know the Sun will set this evening because it always has.

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8
Q

Plato

A

Great Greek Philosp

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9
Q

Plato’s understanding of reality

A

Plato believed that there was a greater reality beyond the world we experience
He believed A-PRIORI REASONING was the key to unlocking the reality.

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10
Q

Forms

A

The name Plato gives to ideal concepts that exist in reality

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11
Q

Plato’s theory of the Forms (World of the Forms)

A

In the real World
Each Form is one single thing
They are known by the intellect or reason
They are eternal
They are non-physical
They are unchanging
They are perfect

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12
Q

Particulars

A

The name Plato gives to the objects in the EMPIRICAL WORLD (our world) which are imperfect copies of Forms

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13
Q

The Form of the Good

A

The ULTIMATE FORM according to Plato.
The perfection and unchanging state of Forms come from THE FORM OF THE GOOD.

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14
Q

Forms/ Particulars Relationship

A

Particulars are the objects in our world
They are the IMPERFECT IMITATIONS of the FORMS
They are constantly changing
And are Physical

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15
Q

Aristotle

A

Student of Plato
Great Greek Philosopher

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16
Q

Aristotle understanding of reality

A

Aristotle believed the world him around was the real world unlike Plato.
He used EMPIRICAL methods and A-POSTERIORI KNOWLEDGE to prove this

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17
Q

Potentiality

A

A possibility or capacity to be something

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18
Q

Actuality

A

Potential being achieved

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19
Q

The theory of Causation [The Four Causes] Aristotle

A

Aristotle believed there were four causes that caused the motion of potentiality to actuality

20
Q

Material Cause

A

The thing /substance it is made of

21
Q

Material Cause Example

A

The bronze of a statue

22
Q

Formal Cause

A

The structure/form or shape of the object

23
Q

Formal Cause example

A

Spreadsheet plan for a building

24
Q

Efficient Cause

A

The “mover”/“maker” which has actualised the object or brought it about

25
Q

Efficient Cause Example

A

Builder for a House

26
Q

Final Cause

A

The aim or purpose of the object

27
Q

Final Cause example

A

A car is to drive

28
Q

Telos

A

The purpose
The idea everything has a purpose

29
Q

Importance of the four Causes to Aristotle

A

Illustrates the world is the real world and the task of philosophers is to explain it
The key to knowledge is through empirical method
The world and all that is in it has a purpose ‘telos’

30
Q

Prime Mover Theory Aristotle

A

Aristotle believed that everything in the world is changing but that the Prime Mover causes all the change in the world

31
Q

Characteristics of the Prime Mover

A

Immutable- It does not Change

It is ETERNAL as BEGINNING TO EXIST or CEASE TO EXIST would imply change

Prime Mover is PERFECT as it has COMPLETE ACTUALITY and BECOMING or LOSING PERFECTION is CHANGE

Prime Mover Is IMPASSIVE meaning it FEELS NO EMOTION as experiencing emotion would be a CHANGE of INNER STATE

32
Q

Prime Mover Non-Physical Aristotle

A

Aristotle argued that all physical objects are subject to change due to being made of matter he argued that Prime Mover must be NON-PHYSICAL

33
Q

Prime Mover and the world

A

Prime Mover UNAWARE of the World.
As it can only think of perfect things to be perfect
Therefore it must only think about itself
The Prime Mover causes change through ATTRACTING ALL THINGS IN THE UNIVERSE -(they ALL DESIRE GOOD/PERFECTION)

34
Q

Prime Mover/ God Similarities

A

Aristotle refers to Prime Mover as God but not DEISTIC God (religious)
The only similarities they have is ETERNAL PEFECT THE FIRST CAUSE

35
Q

Evaluation of Theory of Causation weaknesses

A

Aristotle claim that everything has purpose is SUBJECTIVE
Purpose of Objects may depend on your POINT IF VIEW

EXISTENTIALISTS would argue that humans have no PURPOSE they would argue that HUMANS EXISTENCE is a matter of chance

36
Q

Evaluation of Theory of Causation Strengths

A

Has the Strengths of Empirical Methods
There is an ELEMENT GOWN COMMON SENSE in the Four Causes
The Four Causes focus on purpose and this gives us a way of determining whether or not something is good or not

37
Q

Assessing Prime Mover Aristotle Strengths

A

It’s is more DIFFICULT TO believe in a God who is perfect if that being has changing emotions.. An IMPASSIVE Prime Mover seems more LOGICAL

It avoids the TRADITIONAL PROBLEM OF EVIL

38
Q

Assessing Plato’s World of Forms Strengths

A

It can be used to support belief in ABSOLUTE UNCHANGING MORAL RULES. It is the ideal standard of property .

Plato argues that humans have an INNATE ABILITY to recognise the FORMS that our SOULS knew before birth. It enabled us to recognise ONE over MANY

39
Q

Assessing Plato’s World of Forms Weaknesses

A

The Forms commit INFINITE REGRESS- if Plato argued that the Forms explain what objects have in common, what is stopping us from raising question what do the FORMS and PARTICULARS have in common which would REQUIRE a THIRD MAN

Plato’s belief in UNCHANGING WORLD
means new INVENTIONS and things EXTINCT would COEXIST in the WORLD OF THE FORMS

Philosopher Wittgenstein- PLATO claims there is ONE OVER MANY. He argued that there is instead a SERIES of OVERLAPPING CHARACTERISTICS

If there is a FORM for every NUMBER then there is an INFINITE NUMBER OF FORMS

40
Q

Contrasts Between Plato and Aristotle -Rationalism/Empiriscim

A

Plato favours use of REASON and A-PRIORI KNOWLEDGE over EMPIRICISM. He believed that our SOULS contained INNATE knowledge on THE FORMS
PHILOSOPHICAL TRUTHS know through A-PRIORI

Aristotle favoured use of SENSES (EMPIRICISM) over REASON. Does NOT BELIVE in INNATE IDEAS
PHILOSOPHICAL TRUTHS squired through EMPIRICAL METHID USING OUR SENSES

41
Q

The Prime Mover/The Form of the Good Similarities

A

Both are Necessary beings ;eternal
Both to some extent responsible for the EXISTENCE OF THINGS in the world
Both are influential to the Christian idea of God

42
Q

The Prime Mover/The Form of the Good Differences

A

The Prime Mover has a conscious
The Form of the Good is not conscious it is an idea

43
Q

Plato’s Cave analogy

A

Group of PRISONERS chained in a CAVE since birth.
Can only see their SHADOW projected on the wall
They believe the shadows are all that exists
However if one prisoner was released and went outside the cave his sight would adjust and realise what the REAL OUTSIDE WORLD IS
The cave is a SHADOW WORLD
If the Prisoner returned to PASSON THE KNOWLEDGE
He would not be BELIEVED

44
Q

Plato’s Cave analogy Meaning PART 1

A

The prisoners-ORDINARY PEOPLE IN THE WORLD
the cave-Empirical World ( Our World)
The chains - the SENSES THAT RESTRICT THE WAY WE EXPERIENCE THINGS
The shadows- Our EVERYDAY SENSE EXPERIENCES
the escapee(prisoner released)- PHILOSOPHER ABLE TO ACESS KNOWLEDGE
the difficult ascent- ILLUSTRATION THAT THE ROAD TO PHILOSOPHICAL KNOWLEDGE IS HARD
the outside world- THE REAL WORLD ‘WORLD OF THE FORMS’

45
Q

Plato’s Cave analogy Meaning Part 2

A

The sun- THE HIGHEST OF ALL FORM THE FORM OF THE GOOD
The return to the cave - THE PHILOSOPHER ONCE ENLIGHTENED FEELS IT IS HIS DUTY to EDUCATE OTHERS
The difficulty adjusting to darkness- ONCE PHILOSOPHER HAS THE TRUTH/KNOWLEDGE IT IS HARD TO EXPERIENCE THINGS LIKE AN ORDINARY PERSON
the persecution given by the others prisoners- SOCRACTES EXECUTED BY LEADERS IN ATHENS FOR HIS TEACGINGS

P.RE (16 decks)

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