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P.RE > Ethics-Conscience > Flashcards

Ethics-Conscience Flashcards

1
Q

Conscience Aquinas quote

A

“The mind of man making moral judgements”

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2
Q

Conscience Ratio-Aquinas

A

Our ABILITY to Reason and MAKE MORALD JUDGMENTS- GIFTED by God due to BEING MADE IN HIS IMAGE(IMAGO DEI)
DISTINGUISHES us from ANIMALS

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3
Q

Two Parts Conscience is made from According to Aquinas

A

Synderesis
Conscienta

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4
Q

Two Parts Conscience is made from According to Aquinas -Synderesis

A

Inner PRINCIPLE directing a person towards GOOD or EVIL- GUIDED by RATIO
IT is the PROCESS OF CONSCIENCE -where a Person LEANS towards GOODNESS and away from GUILTY PLEASURES
Aquinas belives SYNDERESIS Leans people TOWARDS GOODNESS more than EVIL

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5
Q

Two Parts Conscience is made from According to Aquinas -Conscienta

A

Conscience in ACTION
PRACTICAL OUTWORKING OF SYNDERESIS
A Person’s REASON making Moral Judgement
E.g -choosing not Kill as you feel it is wrong

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6
Q

Conscience General Understanding

A

a gut feeling or a voice inside of us telling us what to do.

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7
Q

Aquinas view on Conscience and Ignorance (Lack of knowledge)

A

Aquinas acknowledged that CONSCIENCE can be Mistaken ( making wrong descions despite following conscience)
He argued this is caused by INCORRECT KNOWLEDGE / IGNORANCE

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8
Q

Aquinas Two Types of Ignorance

A

Vincible Ignorance
Invincible Ignorance

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9
Q

Aquinas Two Types of Ignorance -Vincible Ignorance

A

Lack of Knowledge for which a person CAN BE HELD RESPONSIBLE For
(You should have KNOWN BETTER)
E.G -Euthanising someone in UK despite it being illegal (you should know better)
God is Right to CONDEMN these acts

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10
Q

Aquinas Two Types of Ignorance -Invincible Ignorance

A

Lack of Knowledge which a person is NOT RESPONSIBLE FOR
Person Acts in the Best of Their of KNOWLEDGE with Reasonably Informed information
But makes a mistake
Aquinas believed God would not Condemn these acts
E.G a person gives someone MEDICINE they are ALLERGIC TOO without realising they are ALLERGIC

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11
Q

Vincible Ignorance-Sex Scandal Example Aquinas

A

If a Man sleeps with Woman who is NOT his Wife - This will be Evil based on IGNORANCE of Divine Law -He Ought to Know better

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12
Q

InVincible Ignorance-Sex Scandal Example Aquinas

A

However of the Man REALLY THOUGHT the Woman was Really his WIFE and she wanted Him-he is FREE FROM FAULT

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13
Q

Extra -Scholar John Newman God Speaking Conscience

A

Believed that Conscience was AN IMMEDIATE INNER VOICE rather than your own REASON
The voice is GOD SPEAKING DIRECTLY TO US -it is AUTHORITATIVE and we ought to OBEY it
When we disobey it we feel GUILTY/SHAME

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14
Q

Freud’s view of Aquinas Conscience

A

Rejects God and Soul;therefore disagrees heavily with Aquinas

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15
Q

Freud’s view on the mind

A

Saw it as a Machine
Every person mind goes through 5 PSYCHOSEXUAL STAGES

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16
Q

5 PSYCHOSEXUAL STAGES According to Freud

A

Oral
Anal
Phallic
Latency
Genital

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17
Q

5 PSYCHOSEXUAL STAGES According to Freud-Oral

A

All PLEASURE focused on MOUTH (AGES 0-1)
E.G Teething chewing

18
Q

5 PSYCHOSEXUAL STAGES According to Freud-Anal

A

All PLEASURE focussed on BOWEL MOVEMENTS (Ages 1-3)

19
Q

5 PSYCHOSEXUAL STAGES According to Freud Phallic-Oedipus Complex/Electra

A

Idea all Boys are SEXUALLY IN Love with their MOTHERS (Ages 3-5)
however they are AFRAID OF THE FATHER (cuz he loves his mummy/wife)
He eventually begins to MIRROR his FATHER Behaviour UNCONSCIOUSLY to GAIN MOTHERS LOVE (SEXY TIME)
Eventually this FADES AWAY(Intrinsic to SUPEREGO DEVELOPMENT)

20
Q

5 PSYCHOSEXUAL STAGES According to Freud-Latency

A

Regular Puberty occurs 3-6

21
Q

5 PSYCHOSEXUAL STAGES According to Freud Genital

A

All pleasure FOCUSED on GENITALS (Ages puberty to Maturity)

22
Q

Three aspects of Personality for FREUD

A

ID
EGO
SUPEREGO

23
Q

Three aspects of Personality for FREUD-ID

A

Entire UNCONSCIOUS part of The MIND
Our INSTINCTIVE IMPULSES that seek IMMEDIATE GRATIFICATION/PLEASURE
-‘I WANT I WANT I WANT’ -Veruca Salt

24
Q

Three aspects of Personality for FREUD-EGO

A

CONSCIOUS SELF
MEDIATES between your ID and DEMANDS of SOCIAL INTERACTION(what is socially acceptable)
CONTROLS the ID
E,g a Horse (ID) Rider (EGO)

25
Q

Three aspects of Personality for FREUD- SUPEREGO

A

PRECONSCIOUS Self
Our INTERNALISED Ideals from PARENTS/SOCIETY
allows the EGO to BEHAVE MORALLY
PREVENTS us from breaking rules-due to FEAR OF PUNISHMENT and GUILT

26
Q

Freud view on PERSONALITY LINK to Conscience

A

Freud argued that OUR CONSCIENCE was not our ABILITY TO JUDGE THE MORAL thing to do
BUT RATHER
Simply we are FEELING GUILTY Because of our SUPEREGO
Conscience is BUILT on the GUILT OF DISAPPOINTING SOCIETY/PARENTS

27
Q

Strengths of Freud’s Conscience

A

Fundamental in DEVELOPMENT of Dreams, mind and CONSCIOUS, SUB-CONSCIOUS

CLEAR Evidence to PARENTS/SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT Affecting MORALS

Conveys why MORALS are Different due to VARYING CULTURES/SOCIETY/INFLUENCE of PARENTS

Based on Empirical evidence of PSYCHOLOGY rather than THEOLOGY;Scientific reason

28
Q

Weaknesses of Freud’s Conscience-Similar Moral Values

A

Freud’s view on MORALITY links our MORALS to UPBRINGING-arguably
There should be more DIFFERENCES in Moral Values than there are
-essentially MORAL VALUES are largely SHARED regardless of Culture/UPBRINGING

29
Q

Weaknesses of Freud’s Conscience- Karl Popper Extra Scholar

A

Argued Freud’s PSYCHOANALYSIS cannot be FALSIFIED (proven RIGHT OR WRONG)
Not true Science
Arguably his LITTLE HANS experiments - UNETHICAL

30
Q

Weaknesses of Freud’s Conscience-non-Traditional Families

A

What abhor children from Single Parent Households?
Freud’s theory disregards them -IMPLIES they are IMMORAL/ILLOGICAL
E.g-HOMOSEXUAL HOUSEHOLDS conflicts with OEDIPUS/ELECTRA COMPLEX

31
Q

Weaknesses of Freud’s Conscience-Parents Immoral/Age later years

A

If Parents are IMMORAL implies LITTLE FREEWILL over MORALS if
Morals are INBUILT by Parents

Freud’s Psychosexual Development Ignores LATER LIFE EXPERIENCES (0-5) can not be when CONSCIENCE FULLY DEVELOPS

32
Q

Freud’s on Guilt /Superego

A

Guilt is the INTERNAL CONFLICT in the mind Between WHat you DESIRE and WHAT YOU FEEL you SHOULD AND SHOULDN’T DO

Guilt can lead to IMMORAL ACT/FUTURE WRONGDOINGS

33
Q

Theological Extra Scholar Views-Joseph Butler

A

Similar to Aquinas tells us Right from Wrong
Essential part of BEING HUMAN
Separates from Animals
Directs us towards FOCUSING on HAPPINESS of OTHERS instead of Ourselves

34
Q

Secular Views Extra Scholars-PIAGET

A

Support Freud with his Morality and Child Development
Believed Two Types of Morality- HETERONOMOUS/AUTONOMOUS

HETERONOMOUS - 5-9 Child looks beyond SELF for MORAL AUTHORITY must be OBEYED OR PUNISHMENT NEEDED -Relationships based on SOCIAL CONTROL

Autonomous Morality (10+) - PERSONAL CODE OF CONDUCT Develops -able to decide what is Morally Right-based on SOCIAL PERCEPTION and Punishments
Relationships become more OPEN AND HARMONIOUS

35
Q

Secular Views Extra Scholars-PIAGET refuted by Kohlberg

A

Kohlberg claimed Piaget theories TOO SIMPLISTIC
BELIEVED there were a GREATER NUMBER of STAGES in a Person’s MORAL JOURNEY

36
Q

Secular Views Extra Scholars-Eric Fromm Authorian Conscience

A

Influenced by EXTERNAL AUTHORITY (parents teachers church leaders)
Guilt is actually a FEAR OF REJECTION by those who HAVE IMPOSED AUTHORITY (GOVERNMENT)
Can cause to Commit IMMORAL ACTS OUT OF FEAR

37
Q

Secular Views Extra Scholars-Eric Fromm Humanitarian Conscience

A

Has Healthier approach to Assessing behaviour
Guides us to act in ways WE CAN DEVELOP
Intuitive Knowledge of what is HUMAN and INHUMAN

PREVENTS US FROM MURDERING INNOCENTS

38
Q

Strengths of Aquinas’ Conscience

A

Highly Influential View Supported by the CATHOLIC CHURCH

Explains why Conscience can be INCORRECT-through use of IGNORANCE or WRONG Use of REASON

Clear Set of Authority/Guidance Supported by Bible
Included Knowledge and Reason as well as Religion so everyone can apply it -therefore UNIVERSAL

His theory explains how e can change our minds on moral issues over time. We can develop our conscience e.g. through education – this should improve the synderesis process.

39
Q

Weaknesses of Aquinas Conscience

A

Some act can never be BLAMELESS regardless of RIGHT INTENTION/FOLLOWING CONSCIENCE ; you can still break the law and gain punishment

Assumes GOOD and EVIL are the SAME for everyone -SUBJECTIVE DOES NOT CONSIDER CULTURAL RELATIVISM

Theological Theory does not apply to non-religious people
Are Humans really Rational?

Conscience does feel intuitive and emotional, it is an immediate response – we tend to rationalise late

He does not take into account social or environmental factors that may influence our behaviours – Freud does consider this.

40
Q

Weaknesses of Aquinas Conscience-Conflict with Reason

A

Conscience can Conflict with REASON
Debating whether To save SOMEONE DROWNING
REASON-are you a strong swimmer ? Could you find someone better suited?

Conscience -You must save someone’s life- what if they die ?

P.RE (16 decks)

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