PHILOSOPHY 👹 (quiz 1) Flashcards
He believed that the ultimate composition of all things is water.
Thales
- He agreed that everything comes from a single, basic material.
- His view is that all things are created and emerged from a indefinite and boundless reali called apeiron.
Anaximander
He believed that it is air that makes up all things and that different elements and
substances are merely different phases of air.
Anaximenes
- He was credited with the formulation of the Pythagorean theorem.
- He established a community of learners who were devoted to the study of religion and philosophy.
Pythagoras
- He proposed that everything that exists is based on a higher order or plan, which he called logos.
- He considered change is a permanent aspect of the human condition.
Heraclitus
- He devoted himself to studying the cause of natural phenomena.
- He was the first to propose that matter is composed of tiny particles called atoms.
Democritus
- He was known advocate of a simple and virtuous life.
- His teaching and views were later developed by his followers and influences the development of Cynicism.
Diogenes of Sinope
- He believed that philosophy could enable man to live a life of happiness.
- His views gave rise to Epicureanism-a school of philosophy that believes that wisdom and simple living will result in a life free from fear and pain.
Epicurus
- he believed that philosophy could enable a man to live a life of virtue.
- He introduced the Socratic method- a means of examining a topic by devising a series of questions that let learner examine and analyze his knowledge and views regarding the topic.
Socrates
- His ideas include his theory of forms, which proposes that everything that exists is based on an idea or template that can only be perceived in the mind.
- He also focused political theory.
- Also known for his dialectic- a method of inquiry where two opposing ideas are discussed in an attempt to arrive at new knowledge.
Plato
- the first philosopho
“a lover of wisdom“
Pythagoras
- Consists of schools of thought which are often closely tied with religious beliefs.
- They are often described as
“wisdom” literature, where stories, sayings, and texts encourage people to adopt an ethical and armonious way of life.
Eastern Philosophy
is primarily concerned with uncovering the truth through systematic argumentation and theory.
Western Philosophy
• Focuses more on logic, reason, and the scientific method
• Emphasizes individuality and personal identity
• Usually linear (past, present, future)
• Often seeks to understand and control the world
Western
• Often combines reason with intuition, personal experience, and spiritual insights
• Focuses more on connectedness, harmony with others and nature
• Often cyclical (like the concept of reincarnation in some philosophies
• Usually aims for harmony, balance, and inner peace
Eastern
- He proposed that everything that exists is based on a higher order or plan, which he called logos.
- He considered change is a permanent aspect of the human condition.
Heraclitus
- For him, all ideas and views are based on perception, and our reality is based on what we can sense and perceive.
- He introduced deductive reasoning- the process by which specific statements are analyzed to reach a conclusion or generalization.
- Founded his own school called Lyceum.
Aristotle
- He is known for the practical aspects of his philosophical inquiries and was considered a leading scientist in ancient times
- He pioneered the use of mathematics to analyze natural phenomena.
Archimedes
Types of philosophies:
Theistic & Non-Theistic
belief in the existence of a god or gods.
Theistic
not believing in a god or gods
Non-Theistic
- Founder of Sikhism
- Concept of One God and equality of all humans
- Emphasis on devotion, meditation, and selfless service
Guru Nanak
- Synthesis of Aristotelian and Neoplatonic ideas with Islamic thought
- Contributions to logic, metaphysics, and medicine.
IBN Sina
- Reconciliation of Islamic theology philosophy with Greek philosophy
- Critique of Aristotelian metaphysics
- Emphasis on spiritual experience in
religious knowledge
Al-Ghazali
- Founder of Soto Zen in Japan
- Emphasis on zazen (seated meditation)
- Concept of shikantaza (just sitting)
Dogen
- Founder of Shingon Buddhism in Japan
- Emphasis on esoteric practices and ritual
Kukai
- Concept of Tao (the Way)
- Balance of yin and yang
- Wu wei (non-action or effortless action)
Lao Tzu
- Emphasis on social harmony and proper relationships
- Concept of ren (benevolence/humaneness)
- Importance of filial piety and ritual
Confucius
- Founder of Jainism
- Five main vows: ahimsa, satya, asteya, brahmacharya, aparigraha
- Emphasis on non violence and respect for all life
Mahavira
- Buddha
- Four noble truths
- Eightfold path
- Concept of impermanence and nonself
Siddharta Gautama
- He was the earliest philosopher to inquire about the world and explain the composition of things and the changes in physical reality.
- The Father of Western Philosophy
Thales
The first philosophers that lived before the time of Socrates
Pre-socratics
- A group of intellectuals and they influenced learning in ancient Greece.
- They taught a style of argumentation called eristic, which aimed to win
arguments rather than arrive the truth.
Sophists
