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Anthropological Research in Practice > Philosophy of Science > Flashcards

Philosophy of Science Flashcards

1
Q

What is the ontological question in social sciences?

A

What is social reality?

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2
Q

What is the epistemological question in social sciences?

A

How should we study social reality?

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3
Q

What is social reality according to the objectivist approach (objectivism)?

A

Social reality changes, even when the physical reality doesn’t
- it’s external to us, independent from personal experience

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4
Q

How does David Jonassen characterise social reality?

A

As “mind-independent”

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5
Q

Which type of research is related to objectivism?

A

Quantitative research

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6
Q

What are definitive concepts?

A

Fixed concepts

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7
Q

What is a concept?

A

Single phrase for a range of phenomena

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8
Q

What are the 3 positivist epistemological principles?

A
  1. Deductivism: generate hypotheses that can be tested (from theory)
  2. Phenomenalism: only things amenable to observation can be studied
  3. Inductivism: observations from which you can derive a theory
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9
Q

What is the process of deduction?

A

Theory -> Hypotheses -> Observations

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10
Q

What is the process of induction?

A

Observations -> Theory

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11
Q

Which type of research is associated to positivism?

A

Quantitative

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12
Q

What characterises positivism?

A
  • Deductivism
  • Phenomenalism
  • Inductivism
  • Validity (measurement, internal, external)
  • Value-free
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13
Q

What does the positivist approach argue regarding social phenomena?

A

Social phenomena can be studied in the same way as natural phenomena

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14
Q

What does the constructivist/interpretivist approach argue regarding social phenomena?

A

For many social phenomena, people’s perceptions of an event often matter in relation to the quantified phenomena

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15
Q

What is social reality according to the constructivist approach?

A

Including, and built from, the perceptions and actions (i.e. “thought-objects”) of social actors

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16
Q

What is the process of sensitising concepts?

A

Guiding to questions on the variations of a phenomena
- no fixed indicators

17
Q

What are the key interpretivist epistemological principles?

A
  1. mostly inductivism
  2. focus on meaning (> causality)
    - i.e. empiricist, not phenomenalist
18
Q

What is subjective experience according to interpretivism/constructivism?

A

An event taking place in time, but not directly observable (at least not without tools, e.g. MRI)
(e.g. ideas, opinions)

19
Q

What is the type of values in positivism/interpretivism?

A

Reflexive, rather than objective

-> reflexivity

20
Q

Are “webs of significance” (i.e. culture) always immaterial according to Clifford Geertz?

A

No
“it’s through the flow of [symbolic] behaviour […]
that cultural form finds articulation […]
in an ongoing pattern of life”

(e.g. wether a wink is a culture-bound symbolic behaviour or a pathological symptom)

-> it’s not only about perceptions, but also symbolic behaviours, that both cary meaning

21
Q

Why are “webs of significance” (i.e. culture) not amenable to positivist approaches?

A

They are
- public and shared, but also subjective

  • “ideational”, but also in our minds
  • real, but not always physical
22
Q

How can we investigate “webs of significance” (i.e. culture)?

A
  1. Focus on understanding people’s own terms:
    - the “constructions we imagine [people] place upon what they live through” (Geertz)

-> you find accounts of “meaningful structures”

  1. Be reflexive about your own position
23
Q

Which types of validity are associated to constructivist approaches (qualitative research)?

A
  • Ecological validity
  • External validity
  • Trustworthiness
  • Authenticity
24
Q

What is ecological validity?

A

“sensible actuality that makes it possible to think realistically and concretely”

  • grounded in people’s everyday practices
25
Q

What are the components of trustworthiness in qualitative research?

A
  • Credibility (e.g. cross-reference, triangulation)
  • Transferability
  • Dependability
  • Confirmability (prevent researcher biases)
26
Q

Which approach to theory-building is most associated to quantitative research?

A

Deductive theory-building

27
Q

Which approach to theory-building is most associated to qualitative research?

A

Inductive theory-building

28
Q

Which epistemological approach is associated to quantitative research?

A

Positivist

29
Q

Which epistemological approach is associated to qualitative research?

A

Interpretivist

30
Q

Which ontological approach is associated to quantitative research?

A

Objectivist

31
Q

Which ontological approach is associated to qualitative research?

A

Constructivist

Anthropological Research in Practice (11 decks)

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