philosophy Flashcards
believed that the self is the soul, a distinct entity from the physical body.
Socrates
a method of questioning and dialogue to discover the essential nature of things, including the self.
Socratic Method
Socrates emphasized the importance of inner goodness and the beauty of the soul. He believed that true understanding comes from within.
Virtue and True Beauty
Plato’s metaphysics introduced the concept of “Forms,” eternal and unchanging ideals, as the true reality.
The Theory of Forms
Plato proposed a dualistic model of existence with two realms: the Realm of Shadows (physical world) and the Realm of Forms (world of ideal truths).
Dualism
Plato believed that (blank) is immortal and created in the image of the Divine.
the soul
Plato used the (blank) to represent the three components of the soul: Reason, Spirited, and Appetites.
Chariot Analogy
Plato viewed (blank) as a force for self-realization and a path towards true knowledge.
Love
emphasized the importance of God as the source of all reality and truth.
St. Augustine
St. Augustine recognized the inherent (blank) due to free will and the consequences of this sin.
sinfulness of humans
Augustine believed that love of God is the (blank).
supreme virtue and the path to real happiness
He emphasized the power of the mind to arrive at truths through intuition and deduction.
Rene Descartes
Descartes’ famous statement “I think, therefore I am” (Cogito, ergo sum) defined the self as a (blank).
thinking thing
Descartes acknowledged the separation between the (blank).
mind (non-physical) and the body (physical)
argued that personal identity is based on self-consciousness, a continuous awareness of oneself.
John Locke
Locke proposed that the mind is a blank slate at birth and experiences shape our knowledge.
Tabula Rasa
Locke linked (blank) to the choice of good or evil and the law that governs human behavior.
morality
Hume rejected the idea of a permanent self, arguing that the self is a collection of constantly changing perceptions.
Bundle of Perceptions
He distinguished between impressions (immediate sensations) and ideas (recollections of impressions) as the building blocks of the mind.
David Hume
He introduced the concept of Transcendental Apperception, the experience of the self and its unity with objects.
Immanuel Kant
Kant saw the self as an organizing consciousness that makes experience possible.
Unifying Subject
Kant believed in the importance of (blank) and saw the kingdom of (blank) within man.
duty and God
He developed the concepts of Id (primitive impulses), Ego (mediator), and Superego (morality).
Sigmund Freud
Freud’s psychoanalysis proposed a multi-layered structure of the mind: (blank).
consciousness, preconscious, and unconscious
