Philosophy Flashcards
In Philosophy what matters is the ———- and NOT the ANSWER.
question
Wonder is the feeling of a philosopher, and philosophy starts with WONDER
Socrates
philosophizing
WONDER - →QUESTION- → REASONING PROCESS → CRITICAL THINKING
philia’ ‘Philo’ or ‘philein’
love
sophia
wisdom
Philosophy is THE —————— in their ULTIMATE CAUSES or PRINCIPLES acquired by the NATURAL LIGHT OF REASON ALONE.
SCIENCE OF ALL THINGS or BEINGS
SCIENCE..
from the Latin ——means to know
‘scire’
Philosophy is a science
It aims for CERTITUDE.
- It strives to know the WHYS OF THINGS
- It involves CRITICAL THINKING that includes questioning, analyzing, synthesizing, evaluating, and judging.
TWO TYPES OF BEING:
St. Thomas Aquinas
Necessary and Contingent
GOD -Exists eternally;
No beginning or end
Necessary
HUMAN - Existence is caused
Contingent
looks into the REASON and ULTIMATE WHY’S and WHERETOFORE’S of all things
Ultimate causes
IT MEANS THE ‘HUMAN REASON’
Natural Light of Reason
Branches of Philosophy
MAPALETECS
beyond
meta
nature/physical
physikon
Investigates the FUNDAMENTAL NATURE of reality, being and existence.
Metaphysics
Question of REALITY and BEING.
Metaphysics
Questions about NON-PHYSICAL WORLD such as; “do angels exist?”
Metaphysics
sense of perception
aisthetikos
studies beauty and the Art
aesthetics
man’s creativeness/skills
in doing things beautifully
art
quality attributed to whatever pleases the beholder such as form, color, behavior.
beauty
mind, soul, spirit
psyche
study of
logos
Studies the nature and functioning of the mind.
Pilosophical or Rational Psychology
known as the science of behavior and the “theory of the mind”
Pilosophical or Rational Psychology
worth or value
axios
Nature of values and Value judgments.
axiology
Analyzes the meaning, characteristic, origin, types, criteria, and knowledge of values.
axiology
word of
logos
treatises or thought
logike
Science and art of correct thinking
LOGIC
METHODS OF ARGUMENT
LOGIC
customs, manners the right and wrong in man’s behavior
and the morality of human acts and conducts.
ethos
man and actions
ethics
God
Theos
right, just
dike
Studies the nature, being, goodness and justice of God in the light of reason alone
theodicy
knowledge
episteme
study of
logos
study of the origins, nature, truthfulness, and validity of knowledge.
Epistemology
WORLD or UNIVERSE
kosmos
STUDY of
logos
Study of the universe or world including its origin, dynamics and characteristics, as well as the laws that govern its order.
cosmology
theory of the universe
cosmology
Philosophical search for knowledge of the ultimate foundation of the state, it ideal form and its basic power
Social or Political Philosophy
Man and State
Social or Political Philosophy
Ancient Philosophers (Cosmocentric)
Thales, Anaximander, Anaximenes, Heraclitus, Pythagoras, Democritus
primary substance is WATER
Thales
Primary Substance: Boundless, unchanging,
undefined. (Apeiron)
Anaximander
Man is a being that has evolved from the animals of another species lower than his, in fact from fish.
Anaximander
Primary Substance: AIR
anaximenes
Air undergoes 2 processes
Condensation and Rarefaction
Air is —— for life- all known living creatures need air to survive
central
Primary Substance: FIRE
Heraclitus
The world is in a constant CHANGE.
Heraclitus
“You can not step in the same river twice.”
Heraclitus
The only permanent thing in this world CHANGE.”
Heraclitus
The world is made up of Numbers
Pythagoras
All things take up SPACE and have MEASURE.
Pythagoras
Primary Substance: ATOMS
Democritus
tiny, imperceptible, indestructible, indivisible, eternal and uncreated
Atoms
Man is ——- a world
Himself
understand man in the context of the world.
Greek philosophers
ANCIENT PHILOSOPHY
cosmocentric
Socratic Period 470– 300 B.C (ANTHROPOCENTRIC) Philosophers
Socrates, Plato, Aristotle
Gifted thinker of ancient Athens who helped lay the foundation of Western Philosophy
Socrates
The human soul should be nurtured properly.
Socrates
Socrates- Through acquisition of
KNOWLEDGE, WISDOM AND VIRTUE. (knowledge of good life)
KNOWING WHAT IS RIGHT MEANS DOING WHAT IS RIGHT!
Socrates
KNOWLEDGE ＋ VIRTUE = WISDOM =
HAPPINESS
The “IDEALIST
Plato
Born into a wealthy family in the second year of the Peloponnesian War
Plato
high forehead
Plato
The nature of man is seen in the metaphysical ——— between —– and —–
DICHOTOMY, BODY & SOUL
Material; it cannot live and move apart from the soul; it is mutable and destructible.
Body
Immaterial; it can exist apart from the body; it is immutable and indestructible.
Soul
exists prior to the body.
Soul
a Soul using a Body
Man
Rational level
(enables man to think, reflect, analyze
and draw conclusions)
Head
Spiritual level (makes man assert and experience abomination and anger)
Chest
Appetitive level
hunger, thirsts, physical wants
Stomach
highest level that distinguishes man from brutes
Rational part
Man can control his appetite and self-assertion of spirit through
Reason
controls both Spirit and Appetite = well – balanced personality.
REASON
Appetitive and Spiritual
Mortals
Rational
Immortal
Idea is
eternal
“real” or “encyclopedist” or “inspired common sense” or “the prince of those who know”
Aristotle
Studied under Plato at the Academy
Aristotle
Son of a Macedonian doctor, returned home to become the teacher of Alexander of Macedon for three years, beginning in 343 BCE.
Aristotle
Later returned to Athens to open school called
the Lyceum in 335 BCE
Aristotle
Aristotle Believed in the ‘————–’
GOLDEN MEAN
all things follow the middle course; by avoiding extremes, one will enjoy a maximum of happiness and a minimum of pain.
GOLDEN MEAN
a RATIONAL ANIMAL.
Man
No dichotomy between ————————
BODY and SOUL.
has no life, it can only possess life when it is united to the soul.
Body
principle of life; it causes the body to live.
Soul
3 kinds of Soul
Vegetative
Sensitive
Rational
Kinds of Soul of Man
Rational
Kinds of Soul of Animals/Brutes
Sensitive
Kinds of Soul of Plants/Vegetation
Vegetative
highest type because it has the power to unite itself with the lower part
Rational Soul
Functions of Vegetative soul:
- It feeds itself
- It grows
- It reproduces
Functions of sensitive soul:
- It feeds itself
- It grows
- It reproduces
- It has feelings (particularly pain and pleasure)
Rational soul is capable of
THINKING, REASONING AND WILLING
