Earth sci lesson 3.2 Flashcards by G23 Villanueva, Bernadette

building blocks of rocks

minerals

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composed of elements such as those found in periodic table

minerals

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has definite chemical proportion which can be described in chemical formula

minerals

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structure arranges atoms in a crystalline pattern

minerals

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how minerals form (4)

crystallization of magma, precipitation, pressure and temp, hydrothermal fluids (CPPH)

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study of chemistry of minerals, crystal structure, and their physical and optical properties

mineralogy

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person who studies minerals and most study minerals with economic value

mineralogist

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founder of mineralogy as he was the first to systematically classify minerals

Abraham Gottlob Werner

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characteristics of minerals

naturally-occurring chemical compounds, inorganic, homogenous solids

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physical and optical properties of minerals

luster, color and streak, hardness, cleavage and fracture, specific gravity (LCSHCFS)

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quality of light on the surface of a rock, crystal or mineral

luster

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high luster is very ____

reflective

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caused by absorption or lack of visible light by their crystalline structure

color

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mineral identification with physical properties

color

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color of powdered mineral produced when dragged across an unweather surface (streak test)

streak

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distinguishing metallic minerals

streak

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nonmetallic minerals have ______ or______ streak

colorless or white

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mineral’s ability to resist scratching or abrasion

hardness

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mineral’s hardness is measured using

Mohs Hardness Scale

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tendency of mineral to split, or cleave, along planes of weakness

cleavage

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break easily and cleanly along one or more planes

good cleavage

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break is not defined

bad cleavage

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______ of cleavage planes and the angles between are used to distinguish the rock-forming minerals

number

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cleavage in one direction

Muscovite

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cleavage in 2 directions

Feldspar

cleavage in 3 directions

Halite

cleavage in 2 directions but slant

calcite

minerals undergo different geological processes and become part of or develop into rocks, in which case they become known as

rock-forming minerals

over _____ minerals known

2000

one of the most abundant minerals in Earth's crust

rock-forming minerals

one of the original minerals present at the time of a crustal rock's formation

rock-forming minerals

an important mineral in determining a rock's classification

rock-forming minerals

composition of minerals

silicates, oxides, sulfide, sulfates, halides, carbonates, native metals (SOSSHCN)

SiO4^2

silicon-oxygen tetrahedrons

major rock-forming minerals

silicates

example of Silicates

olivine and quartz

metal cations bonded to oxygen anions

oxides

ex of oxides

magnetite, hematite

metal cation bonded to sulfide (S^2-)

sulfide

ex. of sulfide

galena and pyrite

metal cation bonded to the SO4^2- anionic group

sulfate

precipitate out of water near Earth's Surface

sulfate

ex of sulfate

gypsum

ex of halides

halogen ion (chlorine/fluorine) halite or rock salt fluorite

halogen ion

halides

carbonic ion (CO3^2-) which bonds elements such as calcium or magnesium

carbonates

ex of carbonates

calcite, dolomite

consist of a single metal

native metal

ex of native metal

gold, copper

set of processes through which useful resources are withdrawn from a stock of any nonrenewable resource

mining

refers to the extraction of mineral resources

Mining

naturally-occurring materials that can be profitable mined

ores

mineral or rock or metallic or nonmetallic depending on the economic requirement

ores

a potential ore body if its localized abundance is greater that its average abundance in earth's crust

deposit

a rock or mineral is considered an ore based on:

- overall chem compo - % of extractable resource w/ respect to its total volume - market value of the resource

steps done during Mining

-prospecting/exploration -drilling -modeling -identifying and assessing the potential impacts -designing and constructing the mine -ore extraction -milling -mine site decommissioning (PDMIDOMM)

looking for the ore body- a deposit that can yield a large amount of the required ore mineral

prospecting/exploration

a small part of ore is extracted to determine the ore

drilling

determining the ore throughout the deposit to apply appropriate mining methods etc

modeling

social and environmental aspects

identifying and assessing the potential impacs

high grade ores are separated from the rest of deposit

ore extraction

ore is crushed and concentrated; waste materials (trailings) are released

milling

closure of depleted mine

mine site decommissioning

the most economically important minerals

gold at 20%

3 most economically important groups of mineral resources are..

fossil fuels, aggregrates, metal resources

all metal resources come from _____

mineral ores