Earth sci lesson 4 Flashcards
movement of water around Earth’s surface and it subsystem
hydrologic/water cycle
interconnected pathways and reservors
hydrologic/water cycle
places where water resides for varying amount of time
reservoirs
processes that allow water to move between each reservoirs and subsystems
pathways
___ of water vapor in the atmosphere evaporates from ocean
80%
energy for the movement of water
heat from sun
evaporation of water from leaves and stems of plants, contributes to 10% of water vapor in the atm
transpiration
average length of time spent by water molecules in a reservoir
residence time
large reservoirs have longer _____
residence time
Total amount of water in planet remains ________
constant
2 kinds of reservoir
Saltwater and freshwater reservoir
ocean (____) vast body of saline water
97.5%
saltwater reservoir is divided into 5 regions
ocean, seas, gulfs, bays, and straits
saltiness of saltwater
salinity
_____ removes water, making the remaining solution saltier
evaporation
most of freshwater on Earth is stored in ______,______, and _______
glaciers, ice sheets and permafrost
the readily available freshwater sources are __________
surface water reservoir
a permanent body of ice (largely recrystallized snow)
glaciers
a mass of glacial land ice extending more than 50,000 km^2
Ice sheets
a soil, rock, or sediment that is frozen for more than 2 consecutive years
permafrost
most of permafrost is found in
polar regions
total water stored as underground ice in permafrost compromises about ___ of freshwater
0.8%
streams , lakes and wetlands where water from snow and ice, and groundwater flows
surface water reservoir
___% of Earth’s total water resource
0.3%
harnessed for irrigation, recreation, transport, fishing, drinking, and hydropower
surface water reservoirs
moving body surface water that flows downslope toward sea level because of gravity
stream
stream has clearly defined passageway where particles and dissolved substances are transported
channels
a stream with a considerable volume and a well-defined channel
river
interconnected and form a tree-shaped network
stream
large inland bodies of fresh or saline water
lakes
small and shallow lakes
ponds
barriers constructed along streams to contain flow of water
dams
Water exits from lakes through outlet
streams or by ________ and _______ into the ground.
evaporation and
infiltration
land areas where water covers the surface for significant periods
wetland
biologically diverse environment filled with
species that rely on both the land and
water for survival
wetland
types of wetland
marsh, swamp and estuary
shallow wetlands around lakes, streams, and oceans where grasses and reeds are the dominant vegetation
marsh
unique example of swamp ecosystem that tolerates salty condition
mangrove forests
a partly enclose coastal body of water where freshwater and saltwater meets
estuary
a wetland with lush trees and vegetation found in low-lying areas beside slow-moving rivers.
swamp
natural event wherein an area that is usually
dry is submerged
under water.
floods
usually occurs when the precipitation rate is higher than rate in which it could be absorbed by the ground or carried by streams
floods
fresh water found in the rock and soil layers beneath the surface
groundwater
largest reservoir of liquid fresh water, constitutes about 30.1 %
groundwater
water-bearing rock-layers, sponge that holds groundwater in tiny cracks, and pores between mineral grains
aquifers
total amount of empty pore spaces in rock and determines the amount of groundwater that aquifer can hold
porosity
human activities that affect water quality
PMDIP
essential component of Earth that enabled life to exist on the planet and continues to support it
soil
foundation of terrestrial planet
pedosphere
pedosphere comes from Greek words “___-soil” and “___-sphere
pedon, sfaira
living skin of Earth which is a result of the dynamic interaction among the major subsystems.
pedosphere
components of soil
- 45% mineral particle (gravel, sand, pebble, clay)
- 25% air, 25% water
- 5% organic matter (humus, roots)
vital for food production and plant
growth.
soil formaton
five factors in Soil formation
- parent material
- climate
- topography
- biological factors
- time
its chemistry and type will determine the kind of soil that will be formed together w/ effects of the other factors
parent material
temp, rainfall, and moisture affects patter & intensity of soil-forming processes
climate
soil-forming process
weathering, leaching, transportation, & distribution
gradient of slope affects water flow and erosion wherein soils in steeps slopes tend to be thinner
topography
plants, animals, microorganisms and humans affect soil formation
biological factors
soil formation is a long and continuous process depending on climate and envi
time
the rate of soil formation is _____ in tropical climates than in dry and cold climates
faster
relative proportion of soil particles that make up the soil which affects other soil properties such as soil porosity and water retention.
soil texture
soil services
- arable land for agri
- regulating water & filtering potential pollutants
- nutrient cycling
- foundation & support
- mineral deposits
refers to absolute soil losses in terms of topsoil and nutrients, most visible effect of soil degradation
soil erosion
reduces amount of air, water, space available to roots and soil organism, caused by repeated traffic/ travelling on wet soil
soil compaction
irreversible change of land to a state where it can no longer be recovered, characterized by droughts and arid conditions
desertification
to feed the population more efficiently and led to use of more machinery, deforestation, and clearing of land
intensive agriculture
due to the increase of population, lands are converted to urban center where soil is sealed with concrete
urbanization
5 ways to conserve soil
- plant more trees
- no dig gardening techniques
- avoid compacting soil
- when hiking, do not make shortcuts that will destroy plant life and cause erosion
- control rainwater runoff
soil resource conservation/ sustainable soil management
-IKAUPRP
