PHILIPPINE SOCIETY UNDER SPANISH RULE Flashcards
“En cada fraile tenia el rey en Filipinas un capitan general y un ejercito entero”
“In each friar in the Philippines, they had a captain and a whole army” - Mexican Viceroy
The situation of the Philippines: (2)
and is said by _________
la soberania monacal (monastic supremacy) or frailocracia (friarocracy)
Marcelo H. del Pilar
Even ASSIMILATION between the colonizers and the locals was (quite literally) centered around
religion
The missionaries and the encomenderos were ordered to collect all the scattered Filipinos together. _________ (resettlement) w/ the _______/casa real/plaza complex as the focal point/center.
reduccion,
convento
were used to attract the locals
christian rites
Processions
Songs
Candle-lights
Clothing of Saints
Festivals
Sinakulo (passion play)
Muslim conflict drama (moromoro)
Who said that by 1892 there are 6,148,250 Christians in the Philippines?
As for those unbaptized which he coined as “________” and those of Muslim faith, ___________, he claims that they cannot be under 500,000 nor exceed a million
Ferdinand Blumentritt
heathens; Mohammedans
External Changes (6)
- colonial churches and convents made of stone
- private homes of cal y canto (lime and mortar)
- water reservoirs (aljibes)
- ethnobotanic specimens (fruits, vegetables, and medicinal herbs)
- geographical records was improved
- changes in clothes
Internal Changes (8)
- cultural Exchange
- theocentric literature (awit, corrido, and metrical romances (narrative poems))
- general art: Printmaking and Engraving
- education
- General Literacy + Religious Indoctrination
- Language Exchange
- Cultural Erasure was often deliberate.
- Name Changes
The change in clothes
kanggan and bahag (loin-cloth) to barong tagalog (camisa chino and trouser) and baro and saya
There were many who also taught in schools as professors, they taught things from literature, chemistry, metaphysics, mathematics, biology, pharmacy, and theology among many others
_________ was different, in music, the piano, painting, drawing, embroidery, artificial flower-making, dressmaking, hair-dressing, lacemaking, laundry work, and sewing.
female education
Though education was not at all accessible until the _______________ - even still, it was difficult for Filipinos to get an education
educational decree of 1863
“The cause of our backwardness and ignorance is the lack of means of ___________, the vice that afflicts us from the beginning until the end of our careers. ” -_________
education,
- Rizal
General Literacy + Religious Indoctrination
“The Church has long proved to be, on the whole, by much the most cheap and efficacious instrument of good government and order— even the common
People learn reading by its aid, so much at least as to enable them to read their prayer- books and other religious manuals. There are very few Indians who are unable to read,
and I have always observed that the Manila men serving on board ships and forming their crew have been much often able to subscribe their names to the ship’s articles than the British seamen on board the same vessels could do. ”
- Blumentritt, 1896
Language Exchange
“Wingfield came across a Dominican missionary who apologized for his bad Spanish, on the ground that having lived continuously for eighteen years with thenatives, speaking Visaya the whole time, he had almost forgotten his own tongue.”
-____________
it was already rare to find a Filipino __ “who still knew how to read them(baybayin), much less write them. All of them read and write our Castilian letters now, ”
-____________
- The Friars of The Philippines
- Sebastian Totanes in 1745
_________ was often deliberate.
For example:
“The early missionaries in the Philippines as those in Mexico were prone to regard the ancient writings equally with the objects used in such worship as was practiced by the native people as works of the evil one, they ruthlessly destroyed these signs of culture whenever and wherever found.” - __________
Cultural Erasure
James Robertson
Filipinos had to adopt Hispanic names as decreed by
_______________
Themes:
- saints
- indigenous & chinese patronymics
- Flora and Fauna
- geographical names
- arts
Governor Narciso Claverfa
________ is a book of surnames in the Philippines
Del Pilar
Luna
Rizal
Mabini
Malantic
Panganiban
Utut
Ung-goy
Casillas
Catalogo alfabetico de apellidos
Only regular fleet service in the Pacific Ocean for 250 years.
- ____ vessels
- Took around _____ days for its trips
The Acapulco Galleon
- Two vessels (one outgoing, one incoming)
- Took around 200 days for its trips
strengthened the connections between other countries:
- Americas - Virgin of Antipolo, patroness of sailors
- China - Manton de Manila
(Plenty of valuable Fauna and Flora was also acquired here)
The Acapulco Galleon’s intercultural exchanges
In encomienda system,
_________ - “to entrust”
Encomendar
- an “_________” is entrusted to take care of “souls” in a territory.
- are given control over areas of land and the indigenous people on said land.
- revenue is used for getting ________
encomendero;
Hispanic institution
Two kinds of encomiendas existed in the Philippines
- The royal or crown (realenga or encomienda de la real corona)
- The private (encomienda de particulares)
were directly controlled and owned by the Spanish crown or the monarchy.
The royal or crown (realenga or encomienda de la real corona)
were granted to private individuals or entities, such as Spanish settlers, conquistadors, or other colonial officials.
private encomiendas
True or false
Some Filipinos actually ended up being Encomiendas
True
example of filipino Encomiendas (2)
*Francisco Liwag - 55 tributes
*Juan de Macapagal - 300 tributes
were either Filipino or Chinese male mestizos ranging from 16 to 60 years old, who were obligated to give personal service to community projects.
polistas (drafted laborers)
forced labor for 40 days or payment of “______”
polo; falla
laybor or payment that was to be paid daily at a rate of 1 1/2 real
The Falla
Why the Encomienda system was damaging:
- Raising rate of tribute for profit
- Artificial inflation through hoarding staple items like rice and clothing materials to sell at higher rates
- No set collection, so encomenderos collected based on scarcity
- Many filipinos died of starvation
- Resistance was met with public flogging, torture, and jail time.
Why the Polo system was damaging:
- Labor drafts coincided with planting and harvesting seasons
- Forced separation from family
- Relocation to places, sometimes outside the Philippines
- Decimation of male population
Those who escaped from the oppressive taxation were regarded by Spaniards as “lawless” remontados or ___________.
tulisanes (bandits)
Why the Galleon was damaging:
- Neglect of native industries like agriculture
- Crafting industries related to local culture was ruined and disregarded
- Mostly benefitted privileged Spaniards (Spanish Governor, consulado, insulares, spanish residents)
- Money which could have been used for development and welfare was funneled back into galleon trade
- Most of the Filipino involvement was mostly in construction of galleons and other labor work
Taxation without Representation
__________________ were introduced by the Spanish colonial government in the Philippines
Income-generating mechanisms
income-generate mechanisms (3)
- direct (personal tribute and income tax) and
- indirect (customs duties and the bandala) taxes
- monopolies (spirituous liquors & special crops)
___________ may be paid in cash or kind, partly or wholly as the following:
palay
tobacco
chickens
textiles
wax
gold
blankets
cotton
rice
bells
other regional produce
buwis (tribute)
Considering 1 real = 12 1/2 centavos, the Filipinos were required to pay the following taxes and other impositions: (4)
A total of ________ reales!
A special tax of 1/2 real or rice was collected to crush _______ and to equip ______ to protect coastal areas
- tribute = 10 reales
- diezmos prediales (tithes) = 1 real
- town community chest = 1 real
- Sanctorum tax for church = 3 real
total = 15 reales
Moro raids; Vintas
Tax exemptions (4)
- Chiefly class which aided in the pacification campaigns
- Laborers of the arsenal and artillery yard of Cavite
- Filipinos with medical experience
- Vaccinators and College students of certain universities
The Tribute was replaced by the _________, a personal identity paper.
Everyone, from Filipinos to other nationalities over the age of 18 were required to have one.
Cedula
As such, this is what makes the ripping of Cedula so significant during the Philippine Revolution, a physical gesture of their defiance to the Spanish government.
Social Hierarchy and Class Structure (7)
- Peninsulares
- Insulares
- Spanish Mestizos
- Prinicipalia
- Chinese Mestizos
- Chinese
- Indios
Political Institutions
The hierarchical political set-up of the Philippines during the Spanish regime may be seen in the political institutions established by the colonial power.
From 1565 to 1821, the Philippines was a ___________ administered by the Spanish king through the viceroyalty of Nueva España (Mexico).
captaincy-general administered
Real y Supremo Consejo de las Indias (Royal and Supreme Council of the Indies) established in 1524 by _________.
Recopilaciốn de leyes de los reynos de las Indias
- is a four-volume collection of laws relating to the Indies
Charles V
- was the source of civil power for the various levels of administration.
- His salary amounted to P40,000 per annum, but some unscrupulous and enterprising among them, augmented it by receiving bribes and “gifts”
The governor-general
true o false
An Indio could be an alcalde mayor or a corregidor.
False
Only a spaniard could be an alcalde mayor or a corregidor.
He exercised multiple prerogatives as
- judge,
- inspector of en- comiendas,
- chief of police,
- tribute collector, and
- even vice-regal patron and
- captain-general of the province
has an annual salary of:
- before 1844 ranged trom P300 to P2,000
- after 1847, from P1,600 to P1,500, according to class.
In 1840, it was reported that some were valued at P50,000 per annum.
alcaldes mayores
Any Filipino or Chinese mestizo, 25 years old, literate in oral or written Spanish, and who had been a cabeza de barangay (barrio administrator) for four years, could be a ___________
gobernadorcillo
