Philip foreign policy Flashcards
Key people in the acquisition of Portugal
Cristobal de Moura- advisor to Philip. Became viceroy when Philip became King
Duke of Alba- led army of 37000 to help pressurise the Portuguese.
Alba assisted by Duke of Medina Sidonia and Alvaro de Bazon
Archduke Albert of Austria- representative in Lisbon until 1593
Granvelle- Philip’s principle advisor
Timeline of how Philip became king
1578- King Sebastian dies in Morocco
1580- Cardinal Henry dies
1580- Alba crosses border
1581- Portuguese Cortes recognises Philip as king
1581- Philip wins over the Braganca family and gives both duke and duchess as constables of Portugal
1580-83- Philip stays in Lisbon
1583-93- Albert of Austria regent in Lisbon
1582- customs barrier between Spain and Portugal removed
Philip’s strengthens to acquire Portugal
- went on a peace offence, respectful of Portuguese and promised little interference
-accepted by the clergy
-only natives to Portugal were appointed in office
Reasons for Anglo-Spanish relations declining
-commercial rivalry
-political rivalry
-religious rivalry
Reasons for commercial rivalry between England and Spain
- Spanish control of Netherlands meant it blocked England’s main route into Europe
-Spanish ownership of new world ignored by many English’ merchants and trashed illegally without licenses
-Francis Drake
When were Drake’s expeditions
-1572, Elizabeth hires ~Drake as privateer and Drake went to Parma and captured £40,000 Spanish silver
-1577, Sets off again with secret orders
-1580, bought £400,000 Spanish treasure back
Religious and political reasons for rivalry between Spain and England
Religious- Philip saw it as his life’s work to spread Catholicism however he put up with Protestant England for 25 years
Political- Philip preferred Elizabeth to MQOS
-less of a threat than france
What was the pacification of Ghent and the Spanish fury?
1576- Spain on edge of bankruptcy
Spain’s men didn’t get paid so stole from Dutch (Spanish fury)
All 3 provinces on Netherlands were united against Spain (pacification of Ghent)
And made 3 demands, Spanish troops out, rule themselves, religious freedom
Philips aims in the Netherlands
- wanted a firm government- his rights as ruler protected
- ensuring a strong position of Catholicism
Mistakes at the start of Philips reign in the Netherlands
- appointing Margret, Duchess of Parma as Governor General, had little experience in Netherlands
-creation of inner advisory council provoked anger especially from duke of Orange
-leaving a garrison of spanish troops
-increasing the number of bishops form 4 to 18
-size of inquisition increased, royal edicts against heresy issued
What was the Iconoclastic fury
Calvinists riots and damaged Catholic Churches in 1566
What was Alba’s policy of firmness
- Set up council of troubles which sentenced over 1000 to death following from the 1566 riots
- introduced ‘10th penny’ tax to try obtain money from Netherlands
What reaction did Alba’s policy if firmness receive
Wide spread Revolt in northern Netherlands led by William of orange
What was the council of troubles
Philip’s instructions for the duke of alba to set the council up which sentenced more than 1000 people to death for involvement in the 1566 riots
Requesens softening policy 1573-78
made concessions to the rebels but these were too late to be effective and Philip would not consider toleration of religious reduction in his rights as a ruler.
Victory in the South Netherlands
task set out was to reconquer the whole of the netherlands
Farnese who was an expeircned leader won back the south states by 1585.
included mastricht, Bruges, Ghent, Antwerp
2 reasons why Spain did not conquer north Netherlands
- role of England with Elizabeth singing the treaty of nonsuch in 1585 agreeing to give military and economic aid
-Philip decided to invade England before giving time for calvinist rebels to rebuild for 2 years as well as Farnese being caught up with French rebels
Why did fail to defeat the rebels in the netherlands
- Lack of economic resources
-poor strategy upheld by governors either to aggressive or too tame
-Englands help
-focus was with the Armarda
involvement with foreign countries (netherlands)
- rebels gained support at crucial times
-geographical delays in sending men via sea
-Netherlands seen as the ‘great bog of Europe’ long sieges were required to take islands off the coast
Philips strategy in the new world
More eager to consolidate rather than expand
2 gains in the new world
Florida and the Philipines
2 ket viceroys
- Martin Enriquez (1568-80) in Mexico
- Francisco de Toledo (1569-81) in Peru
Helped lay good foundations for government
Was Spains monopoly challenged?
yes, French in Flordia but this failed
Hawkins in Mexico
Drake attacking the silver fleet
total revenue from new world over whole reign
64.5 million ductas
When did tensions mount between Spain and England
1576-81 with drakes round the world expedition seeking large quantities of Spanish treasure.
Elizabeth gives ‘unofficial’ support
Why was the Duke of Alba’s arrival in the Netherlands a worry for Elizabeth?
she feared Spanish army presence only a few miles from English shores as she had a close link with the protestants in the Netherlands.
What did Elizabeth do in 1568
confiscates spanish ships on the way to the Netherlands
When did Philip attempt to assassinate Elizabeth
1583 as he sent a fleet to Ireland in 1580 in the hope of an uprising
At war with England in 1585
- William of orange assented in 1584 which meant Farenese took over the south to put Spain in a good position
- treaty of Nonsuch 1585 meant rebels were helped
- Drake’s actions of attacking Vigo and Bayone in north Spain damaged Philip’s reputation
When were anglo- spanish ties cordial
early part of Philips reign as he opposed elizabeths excommunication in 1561 and asked for her hand in marriage.
1557 English troops assisted the spanish in beating the French at the battle of st Quentin
Philips management of Milan
- important base to recruit troops from
-provided a link between the med and northern Europe
-Governors advised Philip to respect the Senate (Supreme Court of law) which turned out to be very successful
Philips management of Naples
-Wealthiest and densely populated and more relevant to spanish fight with ottomans
-1585 riots over bread prices, dealt with by the duke of Osuna who used military to crush the revolt
-300 rebels sent to exile as a result
-Provinial nobles maintained their own militias supported the royal garrisons as they were weary of ottoman threat
Philip management of Sicily
- common grounds with Spain over defence of spanish empire
-reformation of the great court of Sicily which proved crucial as the spanish regime was greatly strengthened which proved valuable in the med campaigns
-treaty of Cataeu cambrais with France in 1559 where French king renounced all claims to italian lands - ended the Habsburg vs Valois wars and strengthend Spains dominance in Italy
What death led France into a civil war
Henry II
2 weak kings of France
Francis II - turned king at 14.
Therefore was dominated by powerful Guise family which concerned many of the noble families in France.
Conspiracy of Ambroise- attempt by calvinists to ‘save’ the king from the guise family but this failed and they became more hated.
Charles IX (another young King at 10)
- colloquy of poissy 1561 was an attempt at reconciliation to the calvints e.g giving their right to worship however this did not go down well with catholic nobles.
This led to the Massacre of Calvinists at Vassy
Rise of the Calvinists and the Huguenots
growing support led to Dutch civil war in 1566
Calvinist admiral Coligny posed threat to Spain
Coligny assassinated in 1572 put and end to the attacks
St Bartholomew’s Day massacre 1572
many calvinist deaths, Henry of Navarre forced to live at French court but escaped 4 years later
What did the B-day massacre lead to
Henry of Navarre switching to Catholiscm but returned back to protestant after escaping the court.
Why was there a formation of the Catholic league in 1584
to stop Henry of navarre getting to the throne
What was the treaty of joinville 1584
alliance with Guise Catholic family and Spain
Assassination of Henry III consequences
Henry III assassinated by a Catholic monk
This led to Henry of Navarre on the throne
Battle of Arques 1589
Irvy March 1590
Henry Huguenots army defeats the Catholic league
Spanish intervention in the 1590s
1589- Philip orders Farnese to make the survival of the Catholic league a priority which meant he missed out on taking the north Netherlands.
Led to Spain’s armies underpaid and angry
When does Henry convert back to Catholicism and what does Philip do?
1593
Rivals the throne with claims his daughter Clara Eugenia has a right tot the throne
could be seen as a mistake as Henry was widely accepted by many catholic nobles
Spanish temporary gains and losses in 1585
gains - calais, Ameins (1597)
losses- Toulouse and Marsilles
Formation of triple alliance
both France and England sign treaty with Elizabeth giving France 2000 men
united with united provinces therefore isolating France
Philip then had his 4th bankruptcy which halted everything
Treaty of vervins
all territorial gains given back
