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Philip foreign policy Flashcards

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1
Q

Key people in the acquisition of Portugal

A

Cristobal de Moura- advisor to Philip. Became viceroy when Philip became King

Duke of Alba- led army of 37000 to help pressurise the Portuguese.
Alba assisted by Duke of Medina Sidonia and Alvaro de Bazon

Archduke Albert of Austria- representative in Lisbon until 1593

Granvelle- Philip’s principle advisor

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2
Q

Timeline of how Philip became king

A

1578- King Sebastian dies in Morocco
1580- Cardinal Henry dies
1580- Alba crosses border
1581- Portuguese Cortes recognises Philip as king
1581- Philip wins over the Braganca family and gives both duke and duchess as constables of Portugal
1580-83- Philip stays in Lisbon
1583-93- Albert of Austria regent in Lisbon
1582- customs barrier between Spain and Portugal removed

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3
Q

Philip’s strengthens to acquire Portugal

A
  • went on a peace offence, respectful of Portuguese and promised little interference
    -accepted by the clergy
    -only natives to Portugal were appointed in office
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4
Q

Reasons for Anglo-Spanish relations declining

A

-commercial rivalry
-political rivalry
-religious rivalry

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5
Q

Reasons for commercial rivalry between England and Spain

A
  • Spanish control of Netherlands meant it blocked England’s main route into Europe
    -Spanish ownership of new world ignored by many English’ merchants and trashed illegally without licenses
    -Francis Drake
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6
Q

When were Drake’s expeditions

A

-1572, Elizabeth hires ~Drake as privateer and Drake went to Parma and captured £40,000 Spanish silver
-1577, Sets off again with secret orders
-1580, bought £400,000 Spanish treasure back

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7
Q

Religious and political reasons for rivalry between Spain and England

A

Religious- Philip saw it as his life’s work to spread Catholicism however he put up with Protestant England for 25 years
Political- Philip preferred Elizabeth to MQOS
-less of a threat than france

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8
Q

What was the pacification of Ghent and the Spanish fury?

A

1576- Spain on edge of bankruptcy
Spain’s men didn’t get paid so stole from Dutch (Spanish fury)

All 3 provinces on Netherlands were united against Spain (pacification of Ghent)
And made 3 demands, Spanish troops out, rule themselves, religious freedom

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9
Q

Philips aims in the Netherlands

A
  • wanted a firm government- his rights as ruler protected
  • ensuring a strong position of Catholicism
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10
Q

Mistakes at the start of Philips reign in the Netherlands

A
  • appointing Margret, Duchess of Parma as Governor General, had little experience in Netherlands

-creation of inner advisory council provoked anger especially from duke of Orange

-leaving a garrison of spanish troops

-increasing the number of bishops form 4 to 18

-size of inquisition increased, royal edicts against heresy issued

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11
Q

What was the Iconoclastic fury

A

Calvinists riots and damaged Catholic Churches in 1566

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12
Q

What was Alba’s policy of firmness

A
  • Set up council of troubles which sentenced over 1000 to death following from the 1566 riots
  • introduced ‘10th penny’ tax to try obtain money from Netherlands
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13
Q

What reaction did Alba’s policy if firmness receive

A

Wide spread Revolt in northern Netherlands led by William of orange

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14
Q

What was the council of troubles

A

Philip’s instructions for the duke of alba to set the council up which sentenced more than 1000 people to death for involvement in the 1566 riots

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15
Q

Requesens softening policy 1573-78

A

made concessions to the rebels but these were too late to be effective and Philip would not consider toleration of religious reduction in his rights as a ruler.

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16
Q

Victory in the South Netherlands

A

task set out was to reconquer the whole of the netherlands

Farnese who was an expeircned leader won back the south states by 1585.

included mastricht, Bruges, Ghent, Antwerp

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17
Q

2 reasons why Spain did not conquer north Netherlands

A
  • role of England with Elizabeth singing the treaty of nonsuch in 1585 agreeing to give military and economic aid

-Philip decided to invade England before giving time for calvinist rebels to rebuild for 2 years as well as Farnese being caught up with French rebels

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18
Q

Why did fail to defeat the rebels in the netherlands

A
  • Lack of economic resources
    -poor strategy upheld by governors either to aggressive or too tame
    -Englands help
    -focus was with the Armarda
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19
Q

involvement with foreign countries (netherlands)

A
  • rebels gained support at crucial times
    -geographical delays in sending men via sea
    -Netherlands seen as the ‘great bog of Europe’ long sieges were required to take islands off the coast
20
Q

Philips strategy in the new world

A

More eager to consolidate rather than expand

21
Q

2 gains in the new world

A

Florida and the Philipines

22
Q

2 ket viceroys

A
  • Martin Enriquez (1568-80) in Mexico
  • Francisco de Toledo (1569-81) in Peru

Helped lay good foundations for government

23
Q

Was Spains monopoly challenged?

A

yes, French in Flordia but this failed

Hawkins in Mexico

Drake attacking the silver fleet

24
Q

total revenue from new world over whole reign

A

64.5 million ductas

25
Q

When did tensions mount between Spain and England

A

1576-81 with drakes round the world expedition seeking large quantities of Spanish treasure.

Elizabeth gives ‘unofficial’ support

26
Q

Why was the Duke of Alba’s arrival in the Netherlands a worry for Elizabeth?

A

she feared Spanish army presence only a few miles from English shores as she had a close link with the protestants in the Netherlands.

27
Q

What did Elizabeth do in 1568

A

confiscates spanish ships on the way to the Netherlands

28
Q

When did Philip attempt to assassinate Elizabeth

A

1583 as he sent a fleet to Ireland in 1580 in the hope of an uprising

29
Q

At war with England in 1585

A
  • William of orange assented in 1584 which meant Farenese took over the south to put Spain in a good position
  • treaty of Nonsuch 1585 meant rebels were helped
  • Drake’s actions of attacking Vigo and Bayone in north Spain damaged Philip’s reputation
30
Q

When were anglo- spanish ties cordial

A

early part of Philips reign as he opposed elizabeths excommunication in 1561 and asked for her hand in marriage.

1557 English troops assisted the spanish in beating the French at the battle of st Quentin

31
Q

Philips management of Milan

A
  • important base to recruit troops from
    -provided a link between the med and northern Europe
    -Governors advised Philip to respect the Senate (Supreme Court of law) which turned out to be very successful
32
Q

Philips management of Naples

A

-Wealthiest and densely populated and more relevant to spanish fight with ottomans
-1585 riots over bread prices, dealt with by the duke of Osuna who used military to crush the revolt
-300 rebels sent to exile as a result
-Provinial nobles maintained their own militias supported the royal garrisons as they were weary of ottoman threat

33
Q

Philip management of Sicily

A
  • common grounds with Spain over defence of spanish empire
    -reformation of the great court of Sicily which proved crucial as the spanish regime was greatly strengthened which proved valuable in the med campaigns
    -treaty of Cataeu cambrais with France in 1559 where French king renounced all claims to italian lands
  • ended the Habsburg vs Valois wars and strengthend Spains dominance in Italy
34
Q

What death led France into a civil war

A

Henry II

35
Q

2 weak kings of France

A

Francis II - turned king at 14.
Therefore was dominated by powerful Guise family which concerned many of the noble families in France.

Conspiracy of Ambroise- attempt by calvinists to ‘save’ the king from the guise family but this failed and they became more hated.

Charles IX (another young King at 10)

  • colloquy of poissy 1561 was an attempt at reconciliation to the calvints e.g giving their right to worship however this did not go down well with catholic nobles.

This led to the Massacre of Calvinists at Vassy

36
Q

Rise of the Calvinists and the Huguenots

A

growing support led to Dutch civil war in 1566

Calvinist admiral Coligny posed threat to Spain

Coligny assassinated in 1572 put and end to the attacks

37
Q

St Bartholomew’s Day massacre 1572

A

many calvinist deaths, Henry of Navarre forced to live at French court but escaped 4 years later

38
Q

What did the B-day massacre lead to

A

Henry of Navarre switching to Catholiscm but returned back to protestant after escaping the court.

39
Q

Why was there a formation of the Catholic league in 1584

A

to stop Henry of navarre getting to the throne

40
Q

What was the treaty of joinville 1584

A

alliance with Guise Catholic family and Spain

41
Q

Assassination of Henry III consequences

A

Henry III assassinated by a Catholic monk

This led to Henry of Navarre on the throne

42
Q

Battle of Arques 1589
Irvy March 1590

A

Henry Huguenots army defeats the Catholic league

43
Q

Spanish intervention in the 1590s

A

1589- Philip orders Farnese to make the survival of the Catholic league a priority which meant he missed out on taking the north Netherlands.

Led to Spain’s armies underpaid and angry

44
Q

When does Henry convert back to Catholicism and what does Philip do?

A

1593

Rivals the throne with claims his daughter Clara Eugenia has a right tot the throne

could be seen as a mistake as Henry was widely accepted by many catholic nobles

45
Q

Spanish temporary gains and losses in 1585

A

gains - calais, Ameins (1597)

losses- Toulouse and Marsilles

46
Q

Formation of triple alliance

A

both France and England sign treaty with Elizabeth giving France 2000 men

united with united provinces therefore isolating France

Philip then had his 4th bankruptcy which halted everything

47
Q

Treaty of vervins

A

all territorial gains given back

History Spain (14 decks)

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