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HAE term 2 quiz 4 > pharynx and soft palate > Flashcards

pharynx and soft palate Flashcards

1
Q

goals of safe deglutition

A

1: bolus formed to prevent dispersion - needs to be of suitable size and consistency
2: differential pressures must develop for aboral propulsion
3: prevent entry of food into nasopharynx and larynx
4: suspends respiration while food is passing
5: rapid passage of food

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2
Q

structures involved in deglutition

A 
mouth
cheeks
tongue
teeth
salivary glands
palate
pharynx
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3
Q

structures involved in respiration

A 
nares
nasal cavities
nasopharynx
oropharynx
associated glands
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4
Q

goals of safe respiration

A

remove particulate matter

warm, humidify and cleanse air

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5
Q

structures involved in speech

A 
lungs
larynx
nasal cavities
sinuses
nasopharynx
oropharynx
associated glands
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6
Q

production of speech

A

1: source of energy - elastic recoil of lungs moves air
2: oscillation of vocal cords
3: resonator - size and shape of
- pharynx
- oral cavity
- nasal cavity
- paranasal sinuses

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7
Q

pharynx

A

vertically oriented funnel-shaped half-cylinder
serves a passageway for air and food
suspended in midline from basal surface of occipital bone by submucosal layer
direct continuation of nasal and oral cavities
leads into larynx before continuing as esophagus
goes to cricoid cartilage/C6 vertebrae and then becomes esophagus

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8
Q

pharyngeal tubercle

A

basal surface of occipital bone from which pharynx is suspended by its submucosal layer

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9
Q

pharyngobasilar fascia

A

submucosal layer of pharynx from which pharynx is suspended from occipital bone

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10
Q

three regions of pharynx

A

nasopharynx
oropharynx
laryngopharynx

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11
Q

nasopharynx

A 
posterior to posterior nasal apertures (choanae) of nasal cavities
superior to soft palate
contains:
- adenoids
- auditory tube
- torus tubarius
- tubal tonsils
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12
Q

oropharynx

A 
posterior to fauces of oral cavity
contains:
- fauces/oropharyngeal isthmus
- palatine arches 
      -palatoglossal arch
           - palotaoglossus muscle
      - palatopharyngeal arch
           - palatopharyngeus muscle
- palatine tonsils
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13
Q

laryngopharynx

A

posterior to larynx
extends from tip of epiglottis to beginning of esophagus at C6
internal walls:
posterior: nothing to note
lateral: pharyngeal muscles attaching to hyoid bone and thyroid cartilage
anterolaterally (piriform recess): mucosa overlies the medial surface of theyroid cartilage aand jsut superior to his, the thyrohyoid membrane
anteromedially: epiglottis, aditus to the larynx, posterior wall of larynx

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14
Q

tissue layers of pharyngeal wall (list)

A 
mucosa
submucosa (pharyngobasilar fascia) 
muscular
     - inner layer
     - outer layer
exterior (buccopharyngeal fascia)
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15
Q

mucosal layer of pharynx

A

innermost layer of pharynx
has pharyngeal glands (mixed salivary glands)
has pseudostratified ciliated epitehlium in nasopharynx
stratified squamous epithelium in oropharynx and laryngopharynx

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16
Q

pharyngeal glands

A

mixed salivary glands in mucosal layer of pharyngeal wall

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17
Q

mucosa of nasopharynx

A

has pseudostratified ciliated epithelium

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18
Q

mucosa of oropharynx and laryngopharynx

A

has stratified squamous epithelium

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19
Q

pharyngobasilar fascia

A

submucosal layer of pharynx

strong continous layer of fascia tha tsupports the pharynx

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20
Q

muscular layer of the pharynx

A

has inner and outer layer, each with three muscles - inner longitudinal, outer circular

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21
Q

inner layer of muscular layer of pharynx

A

3 longitudinal/elevator muscles
palotopharyngeus
styloparyngeus
salpingopharyngeus
descend and insert into pharyngeal wall by blending with each other and the constrictors
elevate and shorten pharynx during swallowing

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22
Q

outer layer of muscular layer of pharynx

A

3 circular muscles
superior constrictor
middle constrictor
inferior constrictor

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23
Q

buccopharyngeal fascia

A

outer layer of pharynx

has a layer of loose areolar tissue

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24
Q

bones of pharyngeal skeleton

A 
includes:
base of skull (pharyngeal tubercle)
medial pterygoid plate
pterygomandibular raphe
mandible 
hyoid bone
thryroid cartilage
cricoid cartilate
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25
pterygomandibular raphe
part of pharyngeal skeleton runs between hamulus of the medial pterygoid plate and the inner surface of the posterior mandible both buccinator and portion of superior constrictor muscle of pharynx insert here allows for continuity and coordination of these two muscles during deglutition
26
constrictor muscles
outer, circular layer of pharyngeal musculature originate bilaterally from sides of head and neck insert on midline fibrous pharyngeal raphe each muscle partially overlapped by the muscle immediately caudal to it sequential contraction aids in aboral (away from mouth) propulsion of food gaps exist between base of skull and superior constrictor muscle of pharynx and between muscles themselves (pharyngobasilar fascia fills these gaps)
27
superior constrictor muscle
one of circular constrictor muscles of outer layer of pharynx originates on pterygomandibular raphe and the adjacent bony structures (pterygoid hamulus and posterior end of hte mylohyoid line of hte mandible forms part of a semi-cylander completed anteriorly by buccinator and obicularis oris muscles
28
middle constrictor muscle
one of the constrictor muscles of outer circle of pharynx muscular layer originates mostly from the greater horn of the hyoid
29
inferior constrictor muscle
one of the constrictor muscles of the outer circular muscles of the muscular layer of the pharynx originates from the thyroid cartilage and cricoid cartilage has two parts: thyropharyngeal and cricopharyngeal
30
thyropharyngeal part of the inferior constrictor muscle
fibers overlap middle constrictor
31
cricopharyngeal part of inferior constrictor
major component of upper esophageal sphincter
32
upper esophageal sphincter
narrowest passage of entire GI tract resting (basal) high pressure zone located at the junction of the laryngopharynx and esophagus capable of rapid relaxation and contraction during swallowing which prevents swallowing air during inspiration and aspiration of regurgitated esophageal contents
33
gaps between pharyngeal constrictors
gap 1: levator veli palatini muscle auditory tube gap 2: stylopharyngeus muscle glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX) gap 3: superior laryngeal nerve (internal branch; vagus) superior laryngeal artery (branch of superior thyroid artery gap 4: recurrent laryngeal nerve inferior laryngeal artery (branch of inferior thyroid artery)
34
gap 1
between base of skull and superior constrictor levator veli palatini muscle auditory tube
35
gap 2
``` between superior and middle constrictors stylopharyngeus muscle glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX) ```
36
gap 3
between middle and inferior constrictors superior laryngeal nerve (internal branch; vagus) superior laryngeal artery (branch of superior thyroid artery
37
gap 4
below inferior constrictor recurrent laryngeal nerve inferior laryngeal artery (branch of inferior thyroid artery)
38
stylopharyngeus
one of inner longitudinal muscles of pharynx originates from styloid process only muscle of pharynx innervated by glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX)
39
salpingopharyngeus
one of muscles of inner longitudinal layer of pharynx originates from auditory tube cartilage and terminates in pharyngeal wall after joining palotopharyngeus elevates pharynx and participates with tensor veli palitini to open cartilaginous end of auditory tube durin gswallowing
40
palatopharyngeus
one of inner longitudial muscles of pharynx and also one of 5 paired muscles of soft palate originates from palatine aponeruosis of soft palate inserts on interior of lateral wall of pharynx and thyroid cartilage 3 actions: - lowers soft palate - constricts faucial isthmus - shortens pharynx during swallowing by pulling it up, forwards and medial innervated by vagus nerve
41
adenoids (nasopharyngeal tonsils)
lymphoid tissue within the pharyngeal fornix (roof) | in nasopharynx
42
auditory/pharyngotympanic/eustachian tube
part of nasopharynx bony and cartilaginous tube with a funnel-shaped opening into the nasopharynx that equalizes pressure on either side of the tympanic membrane
43
torus tubarius
component of nasopharynx | elevation produced by the cartilage of the auditory tube
44
tubal tonsils
in nasopharynx | lymphatic tissue around the auditory opening
45
choana
posterior nasal aperture forming the boundary between nasal cavities and nasopharynx
46
fauces/oropharyngeal isthmus
part of oropharynx passageway from the oral cavity to the oropharynx bounded by soft palate, palatine arches and dorsum of the tongue
47
palatine arches
part of oropharynx 2 arches: palatoglossal arch palatopharyngeal arch
48
palatoglossal arches
``` one of two palatine arches part of oropharynx means anterior pillar of fauces mucosa overlying the palatoglossus muscle between the soft palate and tongue ```
49
palatoglossus muscle
``` palatoglossal arch overlies one of the 5 paired muscles of the soft palate elevates posterior tongue closes oropharyngeal isthmus innervated by vagus ```
50
palatopharyngeal arch
posterior pillar of the fauces one of palatine arches of oropharynx mucosa overlying palatopharyngeus muscle between the soft palate and poterolateral wall of pharynx
51
palatopharyngeus muscle
overlayed by palatopharyngeal arch mucosa one of the 5 paired muscles of the soft palate elevates pharynx and larynx innervated by vagus
52
palatine tonsils
lymphoid tissue lying in the tonsilar fossae between palatoglossal and palatopharyngeal arches
53
pharyngeal portion of tongue
vertically-oriented posterior 1/3 of tongue forms anterior wall of oropharynx below fauces contains lingual tonsil
54
lingual tonsil
nodules of lymphoid tissue on the pharyngeal portion of the tongue
55
epiglottis
``` posterior to pharyngeal portion of tongue projects superiorly connected to base of tongue by 3 folds: - 2 lateral glossoepiglottic folds - median glossoepiglottic fold has valleculae ```
56
glossoepiglottic folds
connect epiglotis to base of tongue
57
valleculae
shallow depressions on the lingual surface of the epiglottis between each lateral glossoepiglotic fold and the median glossoepiglotic fold important landmark for endotracheal intubation foreign bodies often lodge here
58
piriform recesses (sinuses, fossae)
anterolateral recesses of the pharynx extending forward on either side of the larynx superior laryngeal neves, arteries and veins lie under the mucosal folds, having entered through the thyrohyoid membrane foreign bodies often lodge here
59
zone of sparse fibers/upper esophageal sphincter
between cricopharyngeus and thyropharyngeus portions of inferior constrictor area where the mucosa is unsupported by musculature
60
retropharyngeal space
area of loose connective tissue between the buccopharyngeal fascia of the pharynx and prevertebral fascia permits necessary expansion and movement of pharynx, larynx, trachea and esophagus extends from base of skull to infrahyoid area - becomes retrovisceral space
61
lateropharyngeal space
``` lateral extension of retropharyngeal space subdivided into anterior and posterior part anterior: - pterygoid plexus - retromandibular vein - external carotid artery posterior - carotid sheath and its contents ```
62
retrovisceral space
retropharyngeal space extends into this frequently terminates in superior mediastinum at level of T3-T4 when the prevertebral fascia obliterates the space by adhering to the esophagus
63
arterial blood supply to pharynx
mainly from ascending pharyngeal artery but also from branches of external carotid (esp. tonsillar and ascending palatine branches of facial)
64
pharyngeal venous plexus
collects blood on the posterior aspect of the pharynx superiorly drains into pterygoid plexus (in infratemporal fossa) inferiorly drains into IJV or into tributaries of it
65
pharyngeal plexus
on external surface of pharynx within the buccopharyngeal fascia formed by sensory branches of glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX) and sensory and motor branches from vagus nerve
66
motor innervation of muscles of pharynx
all by vagus except stylopharyngeus = glossopharyngeal
67
sensory innervation of nasopharynx
pharyngeal branch of maxillary nerve (V2)
68
sensory innervation of oropharynx
glossopharyngeal nerve
69
sensory innervation of laryngopharynx
vagus nerve
70
waldeyer's ring
``` provides immune defense to pharynx oblique circumpharyngeal ring of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) guards entrance to respiratory and digestive tracts composed of: - nasopharyngeal tonsils - palatine tonsils - tubal tonsils - lingual tonsils ```
71
hard palate
anterior 2/3 of palate palatine processes of maxillary bones and horizontal plate of palatine bones mucosa is thick, adherent and contains numerous minor salivary glands serves as a partition between oral and nasal cavities
72
soft palate
posterior 1/3 serves to close off the oropharynx from the nasopharynx during deglutition thick fold of mucosa suspended from the posterior border of the hard palate hangs down as a mobile projection in front of the posterior pharyngeal wall forms anterior border of nasopharynx contains 5 paired muscles, mucous glands, vessels, nerves, lymphatics, two arches, uvula
73
the five paired muscles of the soft palate (list)
``` tensor veli palatini levator veli palatini palatoglossus muscle palatopharyngeus muscle uvular muscle ``` all innervated by CN X except tensor veli palatini (CN V3)
74
tensor veli palatini
one of the 5 paired muscles of the soft palate tenses soft palate prior to elevation innervated by CN V3
75
levator veli palatini
elevates soft palate one of the 5 paired muscles of soft palate innervated by vagus
76
uvular
one of the 5 paired muscles of the soft palate stiffens the soft palate innervated by vagus
77
uvula
part of soft palate | projects downward from the posterior margin
78
palatine tonsils
largest accumulation of lymphoid tissue in waldeyer's ring | thin capsule covers deep surface, separating it from the pharyngobasilar fascia
79
tonsillar fossa
depression between palatoglossal and palatopharyngeal arches
80
tonsillar branch of facial artery
larges to many vessels nourishing the palatine tonsil | most vessels enter via deep surface of interior pole
81
paratonsillar vein
drains into facial vein from palatine tonsils
82
lymphatic drainage of palatine tonsils
to jugulodiagastric node

HAE term 2 quiz 4 (6 decks)

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