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HAE term 2 quiz 4 > pharynx and soft palate > Flashcards

pharynx and soft palate Flashcards

1
Q

goals of safe deglutition

A

1: bolus formed to prevent dispersion - needs to be of suitable size and consistency
2: differential pressures must develop for aboral propulsion
3: prevent entry of food into nasopharynx and larynx
4: suspends respiration while food is passing
5: rapid passage of food

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2
Q

structures involved in deglutition

A 
mouth
cheeks
tongue
teeth
salivary glands
palate
pharynx
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3
Q

structures involved in respiration

A 
nares
nasal cavities
nasopharynx
oropharynx
associated glands
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4
Q

goals of safe respiration

A

remove particulate matter

warm, humidify and cleanse air

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5
Q

structures involved in speech

A 
lungs
larynx
nasal cavities
sinuses
nasopharynx
oropharynx
associated glands
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6
Q

production of speech

A

1: source of energy - elastic recoil of lungs moves air
2: oscillation of vocal cords
3: resonator - size and shape of
- pharynx
- oral cavity
- nasal cavity
- paranasal sinuses

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7
Q

pharynx

A

vertically oriented funnel-shaped half-cylinder
serves a passageway for air and food
suspended in midline from basal surface of occipital bone by submucosal layer
direct continuation of nasal and oral cavities
leads into larynx before continuing as esophagus
goes to cricoid cartilage/C6 vertebrae and then becomes esophagus

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8
Q

pharyngeal tubercle

A

basal surface of occipital bone from which pharynx is suspended by its submucosal layer

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9
Q

pharyngobasilar fascia

A

submucosal layer of pharynx from which pharynx is suspended from occipital bone

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10
Q

three regions of pharynx

A

nasopharynx
oropharynx
laryngopharynx

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11
Q

nasopharynx

A 
posterior to posterior nasal apertures (choanae) of nasal cavities
superior to soft palate
contains:
- adenoids
- auditory tube
- torus tubarius
- tubal tonsils
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12
Q

oropharynx

A 
posterior to fauces of oral cavity
contains:
- fauces/oropharyngeal isthmus
- palatine arches 
      -palatoglossal arch
           - palotaoglossus muscle
      - palatopharyngeal arch
           - palatopharyngeus muscle
- palatine tonsils
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13
Q

laryngopharynx

A

posterior to larynx
extends from tip of epiglottis to beginning of esophagus at C6
internal walls:
posterior: nothing to note
lateral: pharyngeal muscles attaching to hyoid bone and thyroid cartilage
anterolaterally (piriform recess): mucosa overlies the medial surface of theyroid cartilage aand jsut superior to his, the thyrohyoid membrane
anteromedially: epiglottis, aditus to the larynx, posterior wall of larynx

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14
Q

tissue layers of pharyngeal wall (list)

A 
mucosa
submucosa (pharyngobasilar fascia) 
muscular
     - inner layer
     - outer layer
exterior (buccopharyngeal fascia)
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15
Q

mucosal layer of pharynx

A

innermost layer of pharynx
has pharyngeal glands (mixed salivary glands)
has pseudostratified ciliated epitehlium in nasopharynx
stratified squamous epithelium in oropharynx and laryngopharynx

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16
Q

pharyngeal glands

A

mixed salivary glands in mucosal layer of pharyngeal wall

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17
Q

mucosa of nasopharynx

A

has pseudostratified ciliated epithelium

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18
Q

mucosa of oropharynx and laryngopharynx

A

has stratified squamous epithelium

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19
Q

pharyngobasilar fascia

A

submucosal layer of pharynx

strong continous layer of fascia tha tsupports the pharynx

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20
Q

muscular layer of the pharynx

A

has inner and outer layer, each with three muscles - inner longitudinal, outer circular

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21
Q

inner layer of muscular layer of pharynx

A

3 longitudinal/elevator muscles
palotopharyngeus
styloparyngeus
salpingopharyngeus
descend and insert into pharyngeal wall by blending with each other and the constrictors
elevate and shorten pharynx during swallowing

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22
Q

outer layer of muscular layer of pharynx

A

3 circular muscles
superior constrictor
middle constrictor
inferior constrictor

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23
Q

buccopharyngeal fascia

A

outer layer of pharynx

has a layer of loose areolar tissue

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24
Q

bones of pharyngeal skeleton

A 
includes:
base of skull (pharyngeal tubercle)
medial pterygoid plate
pterygomandibular raphe
mandible 
hyoid bone
thryroid cartilage
cricoid cartilate
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25
Q

pterygomandibular raphe

A

part of pharyngeal skeleton
runs between hamulus of the medial pterygoid plate and the inner surface of the posterior mandible
both buccinator and portion of superior constrictor muscle of pharynx insert here
allows for continuity and coordination of these two muscles during deglutition

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26
Q

constrictor muscles

A

outer, circular layer of pharyngeal musculature
originate bilaterally from sides of head and neck
insert on midline fibrous pharyngeal raphe
each muscle partially overlapped by the muscle immediately caudal to it
sequential contraction aids in aboral (away from mouth) propulsion of food
gaps exist between base of skull and superior constrictor muscle of pharynx and between muscles themselves (pharyngobasilar fascia fills these gaps)

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27
Q

superior constrictor muscle

A

one of circular constrictor muscles of outer layer of pharynx
originates on pterygomandibular raphe and the adjacent bony structures (pterygoid hamulus and posterior end of hte mylohyoid line of hte mandible
forms part of a semi-cylander completed anteriorly by buccinator and obicularis oris muscles

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28
Q

middle constrictor muscle

A

one of the constrictor muscles of outer circle of pharynx muscular layer
originates mostly from the greater horn of the hyoid

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29
Q

inferior constrictor muscle

A

one of the constrictor muscles of the outer circular muscles of the muscular layer of the pharynx
originates from the thyroid cartilage and cricoid cartilage
has two parts: thyropharyngeal and cricopharyngeal

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30
Q

thyropharyngeal part of the inferior constrictor muscle

A

fibers overlap middle constrictor

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31
Q

cricopharyngeal part of inferior constrictor

A

major component of upper esophageal sphincter

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32
Q

upper esophageal sphincter

A

narrowest passage of entire GI tract
resting (basal) high pressure zone located at the junction of the laryngopharynx and esophagus
capable of rapid relaxation and contraction during swallowing which prevents swallowing air during inspiration and aspiration of regurgitated esophageal contents

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33
Q

gaps between pharyngeal constrictors

A

gap 1: levator veli palatini muscle
auditory tube
gap 2: stylopharyngeus muscle
glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX)
gap 3: superior laryngeal nerve (internal branch; vagus)
superior laryngeal artery (branch of superior thyroid artery
gap 4: recurrent laryngeal nerve
inferior laryngeal artery (branch of inferior thyroid artery)

34
Q

gap 1

A

between base of skull and superior constrictor
levator veli palatini muscle
auditory tube

35
Q

gap 2

A 
between superior and middle constrictors
stylopharyngeus muscle
glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX)
36
Q

gap 3

A

between middle and inferior constrictors
superior laryngeal nerve (internal branch; vagus)
superior laryngeal artery (branch of superior thyroid artery

37
Q

gap 4

A

below inferior constrictor
recurrent laryngeal nerve
inferior laryngeal artery (branch of inferior thyroid artery)

38
Q

stylopharyngeus

A

one of inner longitudinal muscles of pharynx
originates from styloid process
only muscle of pharynx innervated by glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX)

39
Q

salpingopharyngeus

A

one of muscles of inner longitudinal layer of pharynx
originates from auditory tube cartilage and terminates in pharyngeal wall after joining palotopharyngeus
elevates pharynx and participates with tensor veli palitini to open cartilaginous end of auditory tube durin gswallowing

40
Q

palatopharyngeus

A

one of inner longitudial muscles of pharynx and also one of 5 paired muscles of soft palate
originates from palatine aponeruosis of soft palate
inserts on interior of lateral wall of pharynx and thyroid cartilage
3 actions:
- lowers soft palate
- constricts faucial isthmus
- shortens pharynx during swallowing by pulling it up, forwards and medial
innervated by vagus nerve

41
Q

adenoids (nasopharyngeal tonsils)

A

lymphoid tissue within the pharyngeal fornix (roof)

in nasopharynx

42
Q

auditory/pharyngotympanic/eustachian tube

A

part of nasopharynx
bony and cartilaginous tube with a funnel-shaped opening into the nasopharynx that equalizes pressure on either side of the tympanic membrane

43
Q

torus tubarius

A

component of nasopharynx

elevation produced by the cartilage of the auditory tube

44
Q

tubal tonsils

A

in nasopharynx

lymphatic tissue around the auditory opening

45
Q

choana

A

posterior nasal aperture forming the boundary between nasal cavities and nasopharynx

46
Q

fauces/oropharyngeal isthmus

A

part of oropharynx
passageway from the oral cavity to the oropharynx
bounded by soft palate, palatine arches and dorsum of the tongue

47
Q

palatine arches

A

part of oropharynx
2 arches:
palatoglossal arch
palatopharyngeal arch

48
Q

palatoglossal arches

A 
one of two palatine arches
part of oropharynx
means anterior pillar of fauces
mucosa overlying the palatoglossus muscle
between the soft palate and tongue
49
Q

palatoglossus muscle

A 
palatoglossal arch overlies
one of the 5 paired muscles of the soft palate
elevates posterior tongue
closes oropharyngeal isthmus
innervated by vagus
50
Q

palatopharyngeal arch

A

posterior pillar of the fauces
one of palatine arches of oropharynx
mucosa overlying palatopharyngeus muscle
between the soft palate and poterolateral wall of pharynx

51
Q

palatopharyngeus muscle

A

overlayed by palatopharyngeal arch mucosa
one of the 5 paired muscles of the soft palate
elevates pharynx and larynx
innervated by vagus

52
Q

palatine tonsils

A

lymphoid tissue lying in the tonsilar fossae between palatoglossal and palatopharyngeal arches

53
Q

pharyngeal portion of tongue

A

vertically-oriented posterior 1/3 of tongue
forms anterior wall of oropharynx below fauces
contains lingual tonsil

54
Q

lingual tonsil

A

nodules of lymphoid tissue on the pharyngeal portion of the tongue

55
Q

epiglottis

A 
posterior to pharyngeal portion of tongue
projects superiorly
connected to base of tongue by 3 folds:
     - 2 lateral glossoepiglottic folds
     - median glossoepiglottic fold
has valleculae
56
Q

glossoepiglottic folds

A

connect epiglotis to base of tongue

57
Q

valleculae

A

shallow depressions on the lingual surface of the epiglottis between each lateral glossoepiglotic fold and the median glossoepiglotic fold
important landmark for endotracheal intubation
foreign bodies often lodge here

58
Q

piriform recesses (sinuses, fossae)

A

anterolateral recesses of the pharynx extending forward on either side of the larynx
superior laryngeal neves, arteries and veins lie under the mucosal folds, having entered through the thyrohyoid membrane
foreign bodies often lodge here

59
Q

zone of sparse fibers/upper esophageal sphincter

A

between cricopharyngeus and thyropharyngeus portions of inferior constrictor
area where the mucosa is unsupported by musculature

60
Q

retropharyngeal space

A

area of loose connective tissue between the buccopharyngeal fascia of the pharynx and prevertebral fascia
permits necessary expansion and movement of pharynx, larynx, trachea and esophagus
extends from base of skull to infrahyoid area - becomes retrovisceral space

61
Q

lateropharyngeal space

A 
lateral extension of retropharyngeal space
subdivided into anterior and posterior part
anterior: 
- pterygoid plexus
- retromandibular vein
- external carotid artery
posterior
- carotid sheath and its contents
62
Q

retrovisceral space

A

retropharyngeal space extends into this
frequently terminates in superior mediastinum at level of T3-T4 when the prevertebral fascia obliterates the space by adhering to the esophagus

63
Q

arterial blood supply to pharynx

A

mainly from ascending pharyngeal artery but also from branches of external carotid (esp. tonsillar and ascending palatine branches of facial)

64
Q

pharyngeal venous plexus

A

collects blood on the posterior aspect of the pharynx
superiorly drains into pterygoid plexus (in infratemporal fossa)
inferiorly drains into IJV or into tributaries of it

65
Q

pharyngeal plexus

A

on external surface of pharynx within the buccopharyngeal fascia
formed by sensory branches of glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX) and sensory and motor branches from vagus nerve

66
Q

motor innervation of muscles of pharynx

A

all by vagus except stylopharyngeus = glossopharyngeal

67
Q

sensory innervation of nasopharynx

A

pharyngeal branch of maxillary nerve (V2)

68
Q

sensory innervation of oropharynx

A

glossopharyngeal nerve

69
Q

sensory innervation of laryngopharynx

A

vagus nerve

70
Q

waldeyer’s ring

A 
provides immune defense to pharynx
oblique circumpharyngeal ring of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT)
guards entrance to respiratory and digestive tracts
composed of:
- nasopharyngeal tonsils
- palatine tonsils
- tubal tonsils
- lingual tonsils
71
Q

hard palate

A

anterior 2/3 of palate
palatine processes of maxillary bones and horizontal plate of palatine bones
mucosa is thick, adherent and contains numerous minor salivary glands
serves as a partition between oral and nasal cavities

72
Q

soft palate

A

posterior 1/3
serves to close off the oropharynx from the nasopharynx during deglutition
thick fold of mucosa suspended from the posterior border of the hard palate
hangs down as a mobile projection in front of the posterior pharyngeal wall
forms anterior border of nasopharynx
contains 5 paired muscles, mucous glands, vessels, nerves, lymphatics, two arches, uvula

73
Q

the five paired muscles of the soft palate (list)

A 
tensor veli palatini
levator veli palatini
palatoglossus muscle
palatopharyngeus muscle
uvular muscle

all innervated by CN X except tensor veli palatini (CN V3)

74
Q

tensor veli palatini

A

one of the 5 paired muscles of the soft palate
tenses soft palate prior to elevation
innervated by CN V3

75
Q

levator veli palatini

A

elevates soft palate
one of the 5 paired muscles of soft palate
innervated by vagus

76
Q

uvular

A

one of the 5 paired muscles of the soft palate
stiffens the soft palate
innervated by vagus

77
Q

uvula

A

part of soft palate

projects downward from the posterior margin

78
Q

palatine tonsils

A

largest accumulation of lymphoid tissue in waldeyer’s ring

thin capsule covers deep surface, separating it from the pharyngobasilar fascia

79
Q

tonsillar fossa

A

depression between palatoglossal and palatopharyngeal arches

80
Q

tonsillar branch of facial artery

A

larges to many vessels nourishing the palatine tonsil

most vessels enter via deep surface of interior pole

81
Q

paratonsillar vein

A

drains into facial vein from palatine tonsils

82
Q

lymphatic drainage of palatine tonsils

A

to jugulodiagastric node

HAE term 2 quiz 4 (6 decks)

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