pharynx and larynx Flashcards
what are the constrictor and longitudinal muscles of the pharynx?
3 constrictors:
superior
middle
inferior
3 longitudinal:
stylopharyngeus
splingopharyngeus
palatopharyngeus
where the herniation of the pharyngeal mucosa would appear?
in the triangular between the inferior constrictor fibres (thyropharyngeus + cricopharyngeus)
it is called the Killian’s dehiscence
what are the relations of Larynx? (anterior, lateral, superior and inferior)
- anteriorly: infrahyoid strap muscles
- laterally: lobes of thyroid
- superiorly: laryngopharynx
- inferiorly: the trachea
what are the names of larynx cartilages? (3 pairs and 3 singles)
pairs:
- Arytenoid
- cuneiform
- corniculate
singles:
- Thyroid
- Cricoid
- Epiglottis
what is the name of the largest cartilage of the larynx
thyroid
what is the cartilage that has the shape of a signet ring?
cricoid
what is the structure that any foreign body will stuck at it firstly?
piriform fossa
what are the laryngeal membranes? (3)
- thyroid membrane
- cricotracheal ligament
- cricothyroid ligament
- the quadrangular membrane
the inferior margin of the quadrangular ligament is forming the ………..
vestibular ligament (under false vocal cord)
the upper margin of the cricothyroid ligament is forming the ………..
vocal ligament (under true vocal cord)
the distance between the medial margins of the two vocal folds is called …….
rima glottidis
the distance between the lateral margins of the two vocal folds, similarly, the distance between the medial margins of the two vestibular folds is called …….
rima vestibuli
what are the extrinsic elevator muscles of the larynx? (7) (3 hyoid + 3 pharyngeus)
- digastric
- stylohyoid
- myelohyoid
- geniohyoid
- stylopharyngeus
- salpingopharyngeus
- palatopharyngeus
what are the extrinsic depressor muscles of the larynx? (3) (2 hyoid + 1 thyroid)
- sternothyroid
- sternohyoid
- omohyoid
what are the intrinsic muscles of the larynx which control the width of the laryngeal inlet? (2)
which one narrows and which one widens?
- Oblique arytenoids (narrows)
- thyroepiglottic muscles (widens)
what are the intrinsic muscles of the larynx which move the vocal cords? (4) (tense, relax, abduct and adduct)
- cricothyroid (tense)
- thyroaretenoid/ vocalis (relax)
- posterior cricoaretenoid (abduct)
- lateral cricoaretenoid (adduct)
what would happen to the vocal and vestibular cords in case of:
1- forced inspiration
2- phonation
3- effort closure
(wither these cords are abducted or adducted, open or closed)
1- the vocal cords are abducted, both the vocal and vistibular cord are open
2- the vocal cords are adducted, vocal cords are closed and the vestibular cords are open
3- both vocal and vestibular cords adduct, both vocal and vestibular cords are closed
what is the sensory and motor nerve supply of the larynx?
sensory:
- internal laryngeal nerve (above vocal cords)
- recurrent laryngeal nerve (below vocal cords)
motor:
- recurrent laryngeal nerve (except cricothyroid muscle supplied by the external laryngeal nerve)
are speech and breathing are affected by the following?
1- when one vocal cord is paralysed
2- when both vocal cords are paralysed
1- speech and breathing are not affected because the intact vocal cord will compensate
2- speech is lost and breathing is impaired
the pharynx is attached above to the base of the skull and it is continues below approximately to the vertebra …….
C6
the pharyngotympanic tubed open laterally to which region of the pharynx?
nasopharynx
the pharynx is seperated from the vertebral column by the presence of which space that contains loos connective tissue?
retropharyngeal space
in both cases of elevated and depressed soft palate:
- what is the isthmus being closed?
- what two strucrues being sealed off from each other?
if the soft palate is elevated, closure of the pharyngeal isthmus and sealing off the nasopharynx from the oropharynx would occur
if the soft plate is depressed, closure of the oropharyngeal isthmus and sealing off the oral cavity from the oropharynx would occur
the three constrictor muscles from each side are joined posteriorly by the…
pharyngeal raph
1- all the muscles of the pharynx are innervated by the……
2- except the stylopharyngeus muscle which is innervated by the…..
1- pharyngeal branch of the vagus nerve (X)
2- glossopharyngeal (IX)
what is the name of the special muscular band that circulates the inner aspect of the superior constrictor?
palatopharyngeal sphincter
what is the origin of each pharyngeal longitudinal muscle?
stylopharyngeus: medial surface of the styloid process
salpingopharyngeus: the cartilagenous part of the pharyngotympanic tube
palatopharyngeus: the soft palate
what is the landmark for finding the palatine tonsil in the oral cavity?
palatopharyngeal arch
the pharyngeal fascia consists of two layers, what are there names? and they are covering which surface (inner or outer)?
the buccopharyngeal fascia covering the outer surface
the pharyngobasilar fascia covering the inner surface
what is the region of the pharyngeal wall which is almost completely covered by fascia? and by which structure is reinforced externally?
above the superior constrictor
reinforced by the levator veli palatini
the oropharyngeal triangle is bounded by which muscles?
superior constrictor
middle constrictor
myelohyoid
from which aperture the internal laryngeal nerve and vessels enters to the larynx?
between the middle and inferior constrictors in the thyrohyoid membrane
how the recurrent laryngeal nerve and inferior laryngeal vessels are reaching the larynx?
posterior aspect of the inferior horn of thyroid cartilage deep to the inferior margin of the inferior constrictor
when the pharyngeal tonsils are enlarged, what do the called and what do they cause?
they called adenoids and they occlude the nasopharynx so breathing is only available from the oral cavity
a person con not breath and swallow at the same time because the airway is closed from two sites. what are they?
the oral isthmus and the larynx
what is the located structure in the laryngopharynx that is forming channels directing solids and liquids from the oral cavity to enter the oesophagus?
piriform fossae
which tonsils are visible through the open mouth when the tongue is depressed?
palatine tonsils
what is the sensory and motor nerve supply of the pharynx?
motor: supplied by the pharyngeal plexus which is formed by:
- pharyngeal branch of vagus nerve (X)
- pharyngeal branch of the glossopharyngeal nerve (IX)
- external laryngeal nerve
sensory:
- nasopharynx: pharyngeal branch of the maxillary nerve (V2)
- oropharynx: glossopharyngeal nerve (IX)
- laryngopharynx: vagus nerve (X)
cricoid cartilage has two articular facets on each side which articulates with……. and …….
the arytenoid cartilage
and
the medial surface of the inferior horn of the thyroid cartilage
Adam’s apple is…. (which bony landmark?)
the laryngeal prominence
what is the ligament connecting the superior horn of of the thyroid cartilage to the grater horn of hyoid bone?
lateral thyrohyoid ligament
the epiglottis is attached to the thyroid cartilage by which ligament?
thyro-epiglottic ligament
which neurovascular structures pass through the small aperture in the lateral side of the thyrohyoid ligament? (3)
- superior laryngeal artery
- internal branch of the superior laryngeal nerve
- lymphatics
in case of airway obstruction above the level of the vocal fold, what is the name of the ligament that can be perforated to establish a new airway?
medial cricothyroid ligament
what is the difference between the laryngeal inlet and the laryngeal inferior opening?
1- is it continuously open or can be closed?
2- is it horizontal or oblique?
1- the inferior opening is continuously open but the inlet can be covered by the downward movement of the epiglottis
2- the inferior opening is horizontal but the inlet is oblique
the larynx is divided into 3 major regions
what are they? and each one is located between what structures?
1- the vestibule: between the laryngeal inlet and the vestibular folds
2- the middle chamber: between the vestibular and vocal folds
3- the infraglottic space: between the vocal folds and the inferior opening
both rima glottidis and vestibuli are opened and closed by the movement of which laryngeal cartilage?
arytenoids
how is the larynx is moving during swallowing?
up and foreword
