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Anatomy > Introduction To Brain 2 > Flashcards

Introduction To Brain 2 Flashcards

1
Q

How the basal ganglia is physiologically classified? (7)

A
  • Subthalamic nucleus
  • substantia nigra
  • corpus striatum
    * coudate nucleus
    *lentiform nucleus
    “ outer: putamen
    “ inner: glubus pallidus
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2
Q

How the basal ganglia is anatomically classified? (3)

A
  • corpus striatum
  • amygdaloid nucleus
  • claustrum
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3
Q

striatum is formed by which two structures?

A
  • caudate nucleus

- putamen

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4
Q

the C-like mass of gray matter is the…

A

caudate nucleus

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5
Q

the wedge like mass of gray matter is the …

A

lentiform nucleus

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6
Q

what is the function of the basal ganglia?

A

controls the posture and voluntary muscular movements by modulating the initiation, termination, amplitude and selection of the movements

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7
Q

mention one pyramidal syndrome

A

spasticity

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8
Q

mention one cerebellar disorder

A

ataxia

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9
Q

mention two basal ganglia disorders that causes hypokinesia

A
  • akinesia

- rigidity

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10
Q

mention six basal ganglia disorders that causes hyperkinesia

A
  • tremor
  • dystonia
  • myoclonus
  • chorea
  • athetosis
  • ballismus
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11
Q 
where is the site of the lesion that is causing: 
1- chorea 
2- athetosis 
3- ballismus 
4- parkinsosim
A

1- striatum
2- globus pallidus
3- subthalamus
4- substantia nigra

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12
Q

give two examples of syndromes representing chorea

A
  • huntington’s

- sydenham’s (following rheumatic fever)

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13
Q

hemiballismus usually involves what part of the limb?

A

the proximal part

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14
Q

athetosis usually involves what part of the limb?

A

the distal segments

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15
Q

mention 4 characteristics of Parkinsonism

A
  • tremor at rest
  • rigidity
  • bradykinesia
  • postural disturbances
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16
Q

the central core of the cerebrum is the….

A

diecephalon

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17
Q

what is the structure that is reached when the septum pallucidum is ruptured?

A

lateral ventricle

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18
Q

diecephalon is consisting of 4 main parts. what are they? and which one is the largest part?

A
  • thalamus (the largest)
  • hypothalamus
  • subthalamus
  • epithalamus
    * pineal gland
    * habenular nuclei
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19
Q

the thalamus is a relay station for all sensations except what sensation?

A

olfaction

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20
Q

the major thalamic nuclei are…. (8)

A
  • anterior nucleus
  • medial nucleus
  • pulvinar
  • ventral anterior
  • ventral lateral
  • ventral posterior
  • medial geniculate body
  • lateral geniculate body
21
Q

regarding the medial and lateral ventral posterior nucleus of the thalamus:
1- the afferents are from…
2- the efferents are to…

A

1-
ventral posterior lateral : spinal lamniscus + medial lamniscus
ventral posterior medial: trigeminal lamniscus + gustatory and vestibular pathways

2- both: postcentral gyrus

22
Q

regarding the ventral anterior nucleus of the thalamus:
1- the afferents are from…
2- the efferents are to…

A

1- corpus striatum

2- premotor cortex

23
Q

the function of the ventral anterior and ventral lateral nuclei is to…

A

influence the activities of the motor cortex

24
Q

regarding the ventral lateral nucleus of the thalamus:
1- the afferents are from…
2- the efferents are to…

A

1- corpus striatum + cerebellum

2- motor + premotor cortex

25
Q

regarding the medial geniculate body of the thalamus:
1- the afferents are from…
2- the efferents are to…

A

1- inferior colliculus

2- auditory cortex (to superior temporal gyrus)

26
Q

regarding the lateral geniculate body of the thalamus:
1- the afferents are from…
2- the efferents are to…

A

1- optic tract

2- visual cortex of occipital lobe

27
Q

lesion of the thalamus leads to…

A

sensory loss

28
Q

the subthalamus is consisting of what type of matter? and it is considered one of what group of nuclei?

A

it is consisting of both gray and white matter

it is one of the extrapyramidal motor nuclei

29
Q

what is the name of the hormone that is secreted by the pineal gland? what its function and when it is more activated?

A

the name of the hormone is melatonin
it regulates the circadian rhythm
it is more active at night

30
Q

what is the pathway taken to supply the pineal gland?

A

retina –> suprachiasmatic nucleus –> tegmentum of midbrain –> reticulospinal tract –> sympathatic out flow to the thoracic segment –> superior cervical ganglion –> postganglionic nerve fibres travel with blood vessels to the pineal gland

31
Q

what is the relation between hyperactive and destructive pineal gland tumors and puberty

A

hyperactive tumors whould cause delayed puberty

destructive tumors whould cause early/ precautious puberty

32
Q

by which nuclei the ADH and oxytocin are produced in the hypothalamus?

A

ADH: supraoptic nucleus
oxytocin: paraventricular nucleus.

33
Q

what are the functions of the limbic system?

A

controls the emotions, behaviours and drive + involved in learning and memory

34
Q

what are the three components of the limbic system?

A
  • limbic lobe
  • nuclei
  • bundles
35
Q

the limbic lobe consists of …. (3)

A
  • subcallosal gyrus
  • cingulate gyrus
  • parahyppocampal gyrus and uncus
36
Q

what are the limbic system nuclei found in the cerebral cortex? (3)

A
  • hippocampal formation
  • olfactory cortex
  • septal nucleus
37
Q

what are the limbic system nuclei found in the diecephalon? (3)

A
  • habenular nuclei of epithalamus
  • anterior nuclues of thalamus
  • anterior nuclei and mammillary bodies of hypothalamus
38
Q

what are the limbic system nuclues found in the brainstem?

A

brainstem reticular formation

39
Q

what are the limbic system nuclues found in the basal nuclei?

A

ventral part of corpus striatum

40
Q

the other imbic system nuclues not mentioned before in the questions is the….

A

amygdaloid nucleus

41
Q

what are the parts of hippocampal formation?

A
  • hippocampus
  • dentate gyrus
  • parahippocampal gyrus
42
Q

what are the functions of:
1- amygdaloid nucleus
2- hippocampus

A

1- reactions to fear and anger

2- converts recent memory to long term memory

43
Q

lesion in the amygdala would cause… (4)

A
  • flattened affect (docile)
  • decreased excitability
  • increased sexual activity (sexual perversion)
  • increased appetite

(No disturbance of memory)

44
Q

lesion in the hippocampus would cause…. (1)

A
  • anterograde amnesia

past memory is intact

45
Q

list the htpothalamic nuclei (9)

A
  • supraoptic nucleus
  • suprachiasmatic nucleus
  • paraventricular nucleus
  • preoptic and anterior nuclei
  • posterior and lateral nuclei
  • anterior hypothalamic nuclei
  • posterior hypothalamic nuclei
  • medial hypothalamic nuclei
  • lateral hypothalamic nuclei
46
Q

what is the function of the suprachiasmatic nucleus of the hypothalamus? and what would happen in case of lesion?

A

controls circadian rhythm

lesion –> insomnia

47
Q

what is the function of the following hypothalamic nuclei? and what would happen in case of lesion
1- preoptic and anterior nuclei
2- posterior and lateral nuclei

A

1- controls parasympathetic function
lesion: elevated blood pressure + tachycardia

2- controls sympathetic function
lesion: lowered blood pressure + bradycardia

48
Q

what is the function of the following hypothalamic nuclei? and what would happen in case of lesion
1- anterior hypothalamic nuclei
2- posterior hypothalamic nuclei

A

1- heat dissipation
lesion: hyperthermia

2- heat production
lesion: hypothermia

49
Q

what is the function of the following hypothalamic nuclei? and what would happen in case of lesion
1- medial hypothalamic nuclei
2- lateral hypothalamic nuclei

A

1- satiety centre
lesion: obesity

2- hunger and thirst centre
lesion: anorexia and absence of thirst

Anatomy (5 decks)

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