Introduction To Brain 2 Flashcards
How the basal ganglia is physiologically classified? (7)
- Subthalamic nucleus
- substantia nigra
- corpus striatum
* coudate nucleus
*lentiform nucleus
“ outer: putamen
“ inner: glubus pallidus
How the basal ganglia is anatomically classified? (3)
- corpus striatum
- amygdaloid nucleus
- claustrum
striatum is formed by which two structures?
- caudate nucleus
- putamen
the C-like mass of gray matter is the…
caudate nucleus
the wedge like mass of gray matter is the …
lentiform nucleus
what is the function of the basal ganglia?
controls the posture and voluntary muscular movements by modulating the initiation, termination, amplitude and selection of the movements
mention one pyramidal syndrome
spasticity
mention one cerebellar disorder
ataxia
mention two basal ganglia disorders that causes hypokinesia
- akinesia
- rigidity
mention six basal ganglia disorders that causes hyperkinesia
- tremor
- dystonia
- myoclonus
- chorea
- athetosis
- ballismus
where is the site of the lesion that is causing: 1- chorea 2- athetosis 3- ballismus 4- parkinsosim
1- striatum
2- globus pallidus
3- subthalamus
4- substantia nigra
give two examples of syndromes representing chorea
- huntington’s
- sydenham’s (following rheumatic fever)
hemiballismus usually involves what part of the limb?
the proximal part
athetosis usually involves what part of the limb?
the distal segments
mention 4 characteristics of Parkinsonism
- tremor at rest
- rigidity
- bradykinesia
- postural disturbances
the central core of the cerebrum is the….
diecephalon
what is the structure that is reached when the septum pallucidum is ruptured?
lateral ventricle
diecephalon is consisting of 4 main parts. what are they? and which one is the largest part?
- thalamus (the largest)
- hypothalamus
- subthalamus
- epithalamus
* pineal gland
* habenular nuclei
the thalamus is a relay station for all sensations except what sensation?
olfaction
the major thalamic nuclei are…. (8)
- anterior nucleus
- medial nucleus
- pulvinar
- ventral anterior
- ventral lateral
- ventral posterior
- medial geniculate body
- lateral geniculate body
regarding the medial and lateral ventral posterior nucleus of the thalamus:
1- the afferents are from…
2- the efferents are to…
1-
ventral posterior lateral : spinal lamniscus + medial lamniscus
ventral posterior medial: trigeminal lamniscus + gustatory and vestibular pathways
2- both: postcentral gyrus
regarding the ventral anterior nucleus of the thalamus:
1- the afferents are from…
2- the efferents are to…
1- corpus striatum
2- premotor cortex
the function of the ventral anterior and ventral lateral nuclei is to…
influence the activities of the motor cortex
regarding the ventral lateral nucleus of the thalamus:
1- the afferents are from…
2- the efferents are to…
1- corpus striatum + cerebellum
2- motor + premotor cortex
regarding the medial geniculate body of the thalamus:
1- the afferents are from…
2- the efferents are to…
1- inferior colliculus
2- auditory cortex (to superior temporal gyrus)
regarding the lateral geniculate body of the thalamus:
1- the afferents are from…
2- the efferents are to…
1- optic tract
2- visual cortex of occipital lobe
lesion of the thalamus leads to…
sensory loss
the subthalamus is consisting of what type of matter? and it is considered one of what group of nuclei?
it is consisting of both gray and white matter
it is one of the extrapyramidal motor nuclei
what is the name of the hormone that is secreted by the pineal gland? what its function and when it is more activated?
the name of the hormone is melatonin
it regulates the circadian rhythm
it is more active at night
what is the pathway taken to supply the pineal gland?
retina –> suprachiasmatic nucleus –> tegmentum of midbrain –> reticulospinal tract –> sympathatic out flow to the thoracic segment –> superior cervical ganglion –> postganglionic nerve fibres travel with blood vessels to the pineal gland
what is the relation between hyperactive and destructive pineal gland tumors and puberty
hyperactive tumors whould cause delayed puberty
destructive tumors whould cause early/ precautious puberty
by which nuclei the ADH and oxytocin are produced in the hypothalamus?
ADH: supraoptic nucleus
oxytocin: paraventricular nucleus.
what are the functions of the limbic system?
controls the emotions, behaviours and drive + involved in learning and memory
what are the three components of the limbic system?
- limbic lobe
- nuclei
- bundles
the limbic lobe consists of …. (3)
- subcallosal gyrus
- cingulate gyrus
- parahyppocampal gyrus and uncus
what are the limbic system nuclei found in the cerebral cortex? (3)
- hippocampal formation
- olfactory cortex
- septal nucleus
what are the limbic system nuclei found in the diecephalon? (3)
- habenular nuclei of epithalamus
- anterior nuclues of thalamus
- anterior nuclei and mammillary bodies of hypothalamus
what are the limbic system nuclues found in the brainstem?
brainstem reticular formation
what are the limbic system nuclues found in the basal nuclei?
ventral part of corpus striatum
the other imbic system nuclues not mentioned before in the questions is the….
amygdaloid nucleus
what are the parts of hippocampal formation?
- hippocampus
- dentate gyrus
- parahippocampal gyrus
what are the functions of:
1- amygdaloid nucleus
2- hippocampus
1- reactions to fear and anger
2- converts recent memory to long term memory
lesion in the amygdala would cause… (4)
- flattened affect (docile)
- decreased excitability
- increased sexual activity (sexual perversion)
- increased appetite
(No disturbance of memory)
lesion in the hippocampus would cause…. (1)
- anterograde amnesia
past memory is intact
list the htpothalamic nuclei (9)
- supraoptic nucleus
- suprachiasmatic nucleus
- paraventricular nucleus
- preoptic and anterior nuclei
- posterior and lateral nuclei
- anterior hypothalamic nuclei
- posterior hypothalamic nuclei
- medial hypothalamic nuclei
- lateral hypothalamic nuclei
what is the function of the suprachiasmatic nucleus of the hypothalamus? and what would happen in case of lesion?
controls circadian rhythm
lesion –> insomnia
what is the function of the following hypothalamic nuclei? and what would happen in case of lesion
1- preoptic and anterior nuclei
2- posterior and lateral nuclei
1- controls parasympathetic function
lesion: elevated blood pressure + tachycardia
2- controls sympathetic function
lesion: lowered blood pressure + bradycardia
what is the function of the following hypothalamic nuclei? and what would happen in case of lesion
1- anterior hypothalamic nuclei
2- posterior hypothalamic nuclei
1- heat dissipation
lesion: hyperthermia
2- heat production
lesion: hypothermia
what is the function of the following hypothalamic nuclei? and what would happen in case of lesion
1- medial hypothalamic nuclei
2- lateral hypothalamic nuclei
1- satiety centre
lesion: obesity
2- hunger and thirst centre
lesion: anorexia and absence of thirst
