Introduction to Brain 1 Flashcards
what are the main 3 sections of the brain?
the first part is involving what? (2)
the third part is involving what? (3)
1- forebrain: cerebral hemispheres + diencephalon
2- midbrain
3- hidebrain: Pons + medulla oblengata + cerebellum
what are the structures that are considered part of the Gray matter of the cerebrum ? (2)
- cerebral cortex
- basal ganglia
what are the structures that are considered part of the White matter of the cerebrum? (3) (all are fibres)
- projection fibres
- commissural fibres
- association fibres
what are the lobes of the cerebral hemispheres? (4)
- frontal lobe
- parietal lobe
- temporal lobe
- occipetal lobe
what you can see when the opercula of the temporal, frontal and parietal lobes are removed?
the insula
the gray matter of the cerebral cortex is containing …… (4)
- nerve cells
- nerve fibres
- neuroglia
- blood vessels
what is the function of the cerebral cortex?
awareness and discrimination of different stimuli
the cortex consists of what? (2)
sulci and gyri
what are the functional cortical areas of the frontal lobe? (6)
- primary motor area
- secondary motor area
- supplementary motor area
- motor speech/ Broca’s area
- prefrontal area
- frontal eye field
these areas of the frontal lobe are controlling what? (and what would happen in case of lesion?) 1- primary motor area 2- secondary motor area 3- frontal eye field 4- Broca's area 5- prefrontal area
1- skilled voluntary movements
2- performance of complicated movements
(UMNL would cause paralysis of the contralateral side)
3- voluntary conjugate movements of both eyes to the opposite side
( deviation of the 2 eyes to the side of the lesion and inability to turn the eyes to the opposite side)
4- motor speech area
(expressive aphasia)
5- determines the personality
(behavioral abnormalities, loss of judgement, euphoria)
what are the functional areas of the parietal lobe with their locations? (2)
- primary somesthetic area
(In postcentral gyrus & posterior part of paracentral lobule) - somesthetic association area
(In the superior parietal lobule)
what are the functions of the primary somesthetic area? (2) (what would happen in case of lesion?)
- Receives afferents from ventral posterior lateral (VPL) & ventral posterior medial (VPM) thalamic nuclei
- Receives sensation from C/L side of body
(sensory disturbance in the contralateral side)
what are the functions of the somesthetic association area? (what would happen in case of lesion?)
- In the superior parietal lobule. It receives and integrates different sensory modalities (stereognosis)
- Supramarginal gyrus, taking care of opposite half of the body.
- Angular gyrus, recognition of written language
(Astereognosis, Neglect of opposite half of body, Alexia and agraphia)
what are the functional area of the temporal lobe?
- primary auditory area/ Heschl’s area
- secondary auditory area/ auditory association cortex
- sensory speach area/ Wernicke’s area
where the primary auditory area is located? and what is its function?
In the middle of the upper part of superior temporal gyrus
It receives auditory fibers from the Medial geniculate body (MGB) (the perception of sound)
what would happen in case of unilateral and bilateral lesions in the primary auditory area?
unilateral lesion: partial deafness in both ears specially in the opposite side
bilateral lesion: complete deafness
where the secondary auditory area is located? and what is its function? (what would happen in case of lesion?)
Posterior to the primary auditory area.
It receives fibres from the primary auditory area and thalamus For the interpretation of sound
(Auditory Agnosia/ word deafness)
where the sensory speach area/ Wernicke’s area is located? and what is its function? (what would happen in case of lesion?)
In the dominant hemisphere (left), particularly, in the superior temporal gyrus and inferior wall of the posterior ramus of the lateral sulcus
understanding of the spoken and written language.
Receptive (sensory) aphasia
what is the pathway taken in the brain when someone asks you a question to answer? (from hearing to answering) (8)
ear –> primary auditory area –> secondary auditory area –> sensory speach area/ Wernicke’s area –>
Broca’s area /motor speech area –> primary motor area –> corticobulbar tract –> muscles induce specking
what are the functional area in the occipital lobe? (2)
- primary visual area
- secondary visual area
where the primary visual area is located? and what is its function?
in the walls of the posterior part of the calcarine sulcus
It receives fourth order neurones from lateral geniculate body LGB through the visual radiation and Posterior 1/3 for macula (which has the sharpest vision)
what is the result of:
1- a lesion affecting both upper and lower halves of the primary visual area?
12- a lesion affecting only one of them?
1- Contralateral homonymous hemianopia
2- Contralateral quadrantic anopia
where the secondary visual area is located? and what is its function? (what would happen in case of lesion?)
Surrounds the primary visual area
It relates the visual information to past visual experiences. thus, enables the individual to recognize and appreciate the things seen
Visual Agnosia
what is the pathway taken in the brain when you read a sentence and you want to repeat it loudly? (8)
retina –> visual cortex –> angular gyrus –> sensory speach area/ Wernicke’s area –>
Broca’s area /motor speech area –> primary motor area –> corticobulbar tract –> muscles induce specking
what is the result of a lesion in the sensory and motor speech areas?
global aphasia
what are the functions of insula?
- planning & coordinating the articulatory movements necessary for speech
- interpretation of visceral pain and induce an autonomic response
who are Ambidextrous individuals?
individuals write with both hands
where the primary gustatory area is locate? and what is its function? (what would happen in case of lesion?)
lower end of postcentral gyrus
discrimination of different taste sensation
(taste hallucinations)
where the primary vestibular area is located? and what is its function? (what would happen in case of lesion?)
face area of postcentral gyrus and part of superior temporal gyrus
body position awareness in the space
vertigo (hallucinations of movements)
where the primary olfactory area is located? and what is its function? (what would happen in case of lesion?)
uncus
olfaction
olfactory hallucination
where the olfactory association area is located? and what is its function? (what would happen in case of lesion?)
parahypocampal area in amygdaloid nucleus
discrimination of different odors
inability to discriminate different odors
what are the structures of the white matter cerebral hemispheres? (3)
- commissural fibres
- association fibres
- projection fibres
the largest commissure is ….
the corpus callosum
what are the other commissures besides corpus callosum?
- anterior commissure
- posterior commissure
- commissure of fornix
what are the names of the corticospinal projecting fibres?
- corona radiata
- internal capsule
- crus cerebri (in midbrain)
- basis pontis (in pons)
- pyramid (in medulla oblingata)
- corticoospinal tract
what are the divisions of the internal capsule?
- anterior limb
- genu
- posterior limb: linticulothalamic part + retrolen ticular part + sublenticular part
what are the fibres forming the anterior limb of the internal capsule? (2)
- frontopontine fibres
- anterior thalamic radiation
what are the fibres forming the genu of the internal capsule? (1)
corticobulbar fibres
what are the fibres forming each part of the posterior limb of the internal capsule?
linticulothalamic part: frontorubral fibres + corticospinal tract + thalamocortical fibres + main sensory thalamic radiation
retrolen ticular part: posterior thalamic radiation
sublenticular part: non-frontopontine fibres + auditory radiation
involuntary movements of the eye is controlled by which area?
occipital eye feild
