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Anatomy > Introduction to Brain 1 > Flashcards

Introduction to Brain 1 Flashcards

1
Q

what are the main 3 sections of the brain?
the first part is involving what? (2)
the third part is involving what? (3)

A

1- forebrain: cerebral hemispheres + diencephalon
2- midbrain
3- hidebrain: Pons + medulla oblengata + cerebellum

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2
Q

what are the structures that are considered part of the Gray matter of the cerebrum ? (2)

A
  • cerebral cortex

- basal ganglia

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3
Q

what are the structures that are considered part of the White matter of the cerebrum? (3) (all are fibres)

A
  • projection fibres
  • commissural fibres
  • association fibres
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4
Q

what are the lobes of the cerebral hemispheres? (4)

A
  • frontal lobe
  • parietal lobe
  • temporal lobe
  • occipetal lobe
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5
Q

what you can see when the opercula of the temporal, frontal and parietal lobes are removed?

A

the insula

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6
Q

the gray matter of the cerebral cortex is containing …… (4)

A
  • nerve cells
  • nerve fibres
  • neuroglia
  • blood vessels
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7
Q

what is the function of the cerebral cortex?

A

awareness and discrimination of different stimuli

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8
Q

the cortex consists of what? (2)

A

sulci and gyri

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9
Q

what are the functional cortical areas of the frontal lobe? (6)

A
  • primary motor area
  • secondary motor area
  • supplementary motor area
  • motor speech/ Broca’s area
  • prefrontal area
  • frontal eye field
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10
Q 
these areas of the frontal lobe are controlling what? (and what would happen in case of lesion?)
1- primary motor area 
2- secondary motor area 
3- frontal eye field
4- Broca's area
5- prefrontal area
A

1- skilled voluntary movements
2- performance of complicated movements
(UMNL would cause paralysis of the contralateral side)

3- voluntary conjugate movements of both eyes to the opposite side
( deviation of the 2 eyes to the side of the lesion and inability to turn the eyes to the opposite side)

4- motor speech area
(expressive aphasia)

5- determines the personality
(behavioral abnormalities, loss of judgement, euphoria)

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11
Q

what are the functional areas of the parietal lobe with their locations? (2)

A
  • primary somesthetic area
    (In postcentral gyrus & posterior part of paracentral lobule)
  • somesthetic association area
    (In the superior parietal lobule)
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12
Q

what are the functions of the primary somesthetic area? (2) (what would happen in case of lesion?)

A
  • Receives afferents from ventral posterior lateral (VPL) & ventral posterior medial (VPM) thalamic nuclei
  • Receives sensation from C/L side of body

(sensory disturbance in the contralateral side)

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13
Q

what are the functions of the somesthetic association area? (what would happen in case of lesion?)

A
  • In the superior parietal lobule. It receives and integrates different sensory modalities (stereognosis)
  • Supramarginal gyrus, taking care of opposite half of the body.
  • Angular gyrus, recognition of written language

(Astereognosis, Neglect of opposite half of body, Alexia and agraphia)

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14
Q

what are the functional area of the temporal lobe?

A
  • primary auditory area/ Heschl’s area
  • secondary auditory area/ auditory association cortex
  • sensory speach area/ Wernicke’s area
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15
Q

where the primary auditory area is located? and what is its function?

A

In the middle of the upper part of superior temporal gyrus

It receives auditory fibers from the Medial geniculate body (MGB) (the perception of sound)

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16
Q

what would happen in case of unilateral and bilateral lesions in the primary auditory area?

A

unilateral lesion: partial deafness in both ears specially in the opposite side

bilateral lesion: complete deafness

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17
Q

where the secondary auditory area is located? and what is its function? (what would happen in case of lesion?)

A

Posterior to the primary auditory area.

It receives fibres from the primary auditory area and thalamus For the interpretation of sound

(Auditory Agnosia/ word deafness)

18
Q

where the sensory speach area/ Wernicke’s area is located? and what is its function? (what would happen in case of lesion?)

A

In the dominant hemisphere (left), particularly, in the superior temporal gyrus and inferior wall of the posterior ramus of the lateral sulcus

understanding of the spoken and written language.

Receptive (sensory) aphasia

19
Q

what is the pathway taken in the brain when someone asks you a question to answer? (from hearing to answering) (8)

A

ear –> primary auditory area –> secondary auditory area –> sensory speach area/ Wernicke’s area –>
Broca’s area /motor speech area –> primary motor area –> corticobulbar tract –> muscles induce specking

20
Q

what are the functional area in the occipital lobe? (2)

A
  • primary visual area

- secondary visual area

21
Q

where the primary visual area is located? and what is its function?

A

in the walls of the posterior part of the calcarine sulcus

It receives fourth order neurones from lateral geniculate body LGB through the visual radiation and Posterior 1/3 for macula (which has the sharpest vision)

22
Q

what is the result of:
1- a lesion affecting both upper and lower halves of the primary visual area?

12- a lesion affecting only one of them?

A

1- Contralateral homonymous hemianopia

2- Contralateral quadrantic anopia

23
Q

where the secondary visual area is located? and what is its function? (what would happen in case of lesion?)

A

Surrounds the primary visual area

It relates the visual information to past visual experiences. thus, enables the individual to recognize and appreciate the things seen

Visual Agnosia

24
Q

what is the pathway taken in the brain when you read a sentence and you want to repeat it loudly? (8)

A

retina –> visual cortex –> angular gyrus –> sensory speach area/ Wernicke’s area –>
Broca’s area /motor speech area –> primary motor area –> corticobulbar tract –> muscles induce specking

25
Q

what is the result of a lesion in the sensory and motor speech areas?

A

global aphasia

26
Q

what are the functions of insula?

A
  • planning & coordinating the articulatory movements necessary for speech
  • interpretation of visceral pain and induce an autonomic response
27
Q

who are Ambidextrous individuals?

A

individuals write with both hands

28
Q

where the primary gustatory area is locate? and what is its function? (what would happen in case of lesion?)

A

lower end of postcentral gyrus

discrimination of different taste sensation

(taste hallucinations)

29
Q

where the primary vestibular area is located? and what is its function? (what would happen in case of lesion?)

A

face area of postcentral gyrus and part of superior temporal gyrus

body position awareness in the space

vertigo (hallucinations of movements)

30
Q

where the primary olfactory area is located? and what is its function? (what would happen in case of lesion?)

A

uncus

olfaction

olfactory hallucination

31
Q

where the olfactory association area is located? and what is its function? (what would happen in case of lesion?)

A

parahypocampal area in amygdaloid nucleus

discrimination of different odors

inability to discriminate different odors

32
Q

what are the structures of the white matter cerebral hemispheres? (3)

A
  • commissural fibres
  • association fibres
  • projection fibres
33
Q

the largest commissure is ….

A

the corpus callosum

34
Q

what are the other commissures besides corpus callosum?

A
  • anterior commissure
  • posterior commissure
  • commissure of fornix
35
Q

what are the names of the corticospinal projecting fibres?

A
  • corona radiata
  • internal capsule
  • crus cerebri (in midbrain)
  • basis pontis (in pons)
  • pyramid (in medulla oblingata)
  • corticoospinal tract
36
Q

what are the divisions of the internal capsule?

A
  • anterior limb
  • genu
  • posterior limb: linticulothalamic part + retrolen ticular part + sublenticular part
37
Q

what are the fibres forming the anterior limb of the internal capsule? (2)

A
  • frontopontine fibres

- anterior thalamic radiation

38
Q

what are the fibres forming the genu of the internal capsule? (1)

A

corticobulbar fibres

39
Q

what are the fibres forming each part of the posterior limb of the internal capsule?

A

linticulothalamic part: frontorubral fibres + corticospinal tract + thalamocortical fibres + main sensory thalamic radiation

retrolen ticular part: posterior thalamic radiation

sublenticular part: non-frontopontine fibres + auditory radiation

40
Q

involuntary movements of the eye is controlled by which area?

A

occipital eye feild

Anatomy (5 decks)

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