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Gastrointestinal Imaging (Beri) > Pharynx and Esophagus (for PBR 2) > Flashcards

Pharynx and Esophagus (for PBR 2) Flashcards

1
Q

This is attributable to failure of complete relaxation of the upper esophageal sphincter

Commonly resulting in dysphagia and aspiration

A

Cricopharyngeal achalasia`

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2
Q

This demonstrate a shelf-like impression (cricopharyngeal bar) on the barium
column at the pharyngoesophageal junction at the level of C5–6

A

Cricopharyngeal achalasia

The cricopharyngeal bar seen during swallowing indicates dysfunction and incomplete opening

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3
Q

Cricopharyngeal achalasia is commonly associated with what diseases?

A

GERD
Zenker diverticulum
Neuromuscular disorders of the pharynx

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4
Q

This disease is characterized by:

  1. Absence of peristalsis in the body of the esophagus
  2. Marked increase in resting pressure of the LES
  3. Failure of the LES to relax with swallowing
A

Achalasia

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5
Q

Imaging findings of achalasia

A
  1. Uniform dilation of the esophagus, usually with an air–fluid level present
  2. Absence of peristalsis, with tertiary waves common in the early stages of the disease
  3. Tapered “beak” deformity at the LES because of failure of relaxation
  4. Findings of esophagitis including ulceration
  5. increased incidence of epiphrenic diverticula and esophageal carcinoma
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6
Q

This disease is caused by the destruction of ganglion cells of the esophagus due to a neurotoxin released by the protozoa (Trypanosoma cruzi, endemic to South America, especially eastern Brazil)

A

Chagas disease

The radiographic appearance of the esophagus is identical to achalasia

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7
Q

Associated finding of Chagas disease

A

Cardiomyopathy
Megaduodenum
Megaureter
Megacolon

*Creator’s note:
Megaheart
Mega man

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8
Q

This disease may mimic achalasia, but tends to involve a longer (>3.5 cm) segment of the distal esophagus, is rigid

Tends to show more irregular tapering of the distal esophagus and mass effect

A

Carcinoma of the gastroesophageal junction

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9
Q

A syndrome of unknown cause characterized by multiple tertiary esophageal contractions thickened esophageal wall, and intermittent dysphagia and chest pain

A

Diffuse esophageal spasm

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10
Q

Barium study finding of diffuse esophageal spasm

A

Intermittently absent or weakened primary esophageal peristalsis with simultaneous, nonperistaltic contractions that compartmentalize the esophagus, producing a classic corkscrew appearance

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11
Q

Neuromuscular disorders are a common cause of abnormalities of the oral, pharyngeal, or esophageal phases of swallowing

What are some of the most common cause of neurologic disease?

A

Cerebrovascular disease and stroke

*Additional causes include:
Parkinsonism, Alzheimer disease, multiple sclerosis, neoplasms of the central nervous system, and posttraumatic central nervous system injury

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12
Q

This is a systemic disease of unknown cause characterized by progressive atrophy of smooth muscle and progressive fibrosis of affected tissues

The esophagus is affected in 75% to 80% of patients

A

Scleroderma

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13
Q

Imaging findings of scleroderma

A
  1. Weak to absent peristalsis in the distal two-thirds (smooth muscle portion) of the esophagus
  2. Delayed esophageal emptying
  3. A stiff dilated esophagus that does not collapse with emptying
  4. Wide-gaping LES with free gastroesophageal reflux.
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14
Q

This occurs as a result of incompetence of the LES

Increases in intra- abdominal pressure exceed LES pressure, and gastric contents are allowed to reflux into the esophagus

A

Gastroesophageal reflux disease

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15
Q

What are the complications of GERD

A

Reflux esophagitis (RE)
Stricture, development of Barrett esophagus
Esophageal dysmotility

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16
Q

Findings associated with GERD on barium esophagrams

A
  1. Hiatal hernia (associated with presence of RE)
  2. Shortening of the esophagus
    (a finding of importance to treating GERD surgically)
  3. Impaired esophageal motility
  4. Gastroesophageal reflux
    (often demonstrated only by provocative maneuvers such as Valsalva, leg raising, and cough)
  5. Prolonged clearance time of refluxed gastric contents
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17
Q

Most common cause of hiatal hernia

A

Sliding hiatus hernia

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18
Q

Findings of sliding hiatal hernia

A

The GEJ, marked by the B ring and Z line displaced more than 1 cm above the hiatus

The gastric fundus may be displaced above thediaphragm and present as a retrocardiac mass on chest radiograph

The presence of an air–fluid level in the retrocardiac mass suggests the diagnosis

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19
Q

Type of hiatal hernia in which the gastroesophageal junction remains in normal location while a portion of the stomach herniates above the diaphragm

A

Paraesophageal hiatus hernia

When large, with most of the stomach in the thorax, are at risk for volvulus, obstruction, and ischemia

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20
Q

These are protrusions of pharyngeal mucosa through areas of weakness of the lateral pharyngeal wall, most common in the region of the tonsillar fossa and thyrohyoid membrane

They reflect increased intrapharyngeal pressure and are seen most commonly in wind instrument players

A

Lateral pharyngeal diverticula

Pouches of sufficient size to retain food and liquid may be associated with laryngeal penetration and aspiration

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21
Q

This outpouching arises in the hypopharynx just proximal to the UES

It is located in the posterior midline at the cleavage plane, known as Killian dehiscence, between the circular and oblique fibers of the cricopharyngeus muscle.

A

Zenker diverticulum

The diverticulum has a small neck that is higher than the sac, resulting in food and liquid being trapped within the sac

The distended sac may compress the cervical esophagus

Symptoms include
dysphagia, halitosis, and regurgitation of food

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22
Q

These outpouching originate on the anterolateral wall of the proximal cervical esophagus in a gap just below the cricopharyngeus and lateral to the longitudinal tendon of the esophagus

A

Killian–Jamieson diverticula

Persistently left-sided or, less frequently bilateral (25%)

Killian–Jamieson diverticula also are less likely to cause symptoms and are less likely to be associated with overflow aspiration or gastroesophageal reflux than is Zenker diverticulum.

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23
Q

Two types of mid-esophageal diverticulla

A

Pulsion or traction diverticula

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24
Q

This diverticula occur as a result of disordered esophageal peristalsis

A

Pulsion diverticula

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25
Q

This diverticula occur because of fibrous inflammatory reactions of adjacent lymph nodes and contain all esophageal layers

A

Traction diverticula

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26
Q

Why are most mid-esophageal diverticula asymptomatic?

A

They have large mouths that empty well

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27
Q

Outpouchings that occur just above the LES, usually on the right side

They are rare and usually found in patients with esophageal motility disorders

A

Epiphrenic diverticula

Because of a small neck, higher than the sac, they may trap food and liquids and cause symptoms

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28
Q

These are small outpouchings of the esophagus that usually occur as a sequela of severe esophagitis

They are thought to result from the healing and scarring of ulcerations

A

Sacculations

They tend to change in size and shape during fluoroscopic observation

Smooth contours help to differentiate sacculations from ulcerations

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29
Q

These are dilated excretory ducts of deep mucous glands of the esophagus

They appear as flask-shaped barium collections that extend from the lumen or as lines and flecks of barium outside the esophageal wall

A

Intramural pseudodiverticula

They tend to occur in clusters and in association with strictures

Liner tracks of barium (“intramural tracking”) commonly bridge adjacent pseudodiverticula

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30
Q

Radiographic signs of esophagitis

A
  1. Thickened esophageal folds (>3 mm)
  2. Limited esophageal distensibility (asymmetric flattening)
  3. Abnormal motility
  4. Mucosal plaques and nodules
  5. Erosions and ulcerations
  6. Localized stricture
  7. Intramural pseudodiverticulosis
    (barium filling of dilated 1 to 3 mm submucosal glands)

CT usually reveals nonspecific findings of thickening of the wall (>5 mm) and target sign with hypoattenuating thickened wall and high attenuation enhancing mucosa

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31
Q

Hallmarks of esophagitis

A

Ulcers

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32
Q

Causes of small ulcers in esophagitis (<1 cm)

A 
Reflux esophagitis
Herpes
Acute radiation
Drug-induced esophagitis
Benign mucous membrane pemphigoid
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33
Q

Causes of larger ulcers (>1 cm) in esophagitis

A

Cytomegalovirus
HIV
Barret esophagus
Carcinoma

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34
Q

This inflammation is the result of esophageal mucosal injury caused by exposure to gastroduodenal secretions

The severity depends on the concentration of caustic agents including acid, pepsin, bile salts, caffeine, alcohol, and aspirin, as well as the duration of contact with the esophageal mucosa

A

Reflux esophagitis

Findings of RE are always most prominent in the distal esophagus and GEJ

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35
Q

Early changes in reflux esophagitis

A

Mucosal edema, which manifest as a granular or nodular pattern of the distal esophagus

Nodules have poorly defined borders

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36
Q

Most common cause of esophageal ulceration

A

Reflux esophagitis

The ulcers appear as discrete linear, punctate, or irregular collections of barium, usually surrounded by a radiolucent mound of edema

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37
Q

Key to differentiation RE ulcers from those of herpes or drug-induced esophagitis

A

In RE - prominence of the ulcerations are in the distal rather than proximal or mid-esophagus

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38
Q

Complications of reflux esophagitis

A

Ulceration
Bleeding
Stricture
Barret esophagus

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39
Q

This is an acquired condition of progressive columnar metaplasia of the distal esophagus caused by chronic gastroesophageal reflux

A

Barret esophagus

Columnar rather than squamous epithelium lines the distal esophagus

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40
Q

Characteristic radiographic appearance of Barrett esophagus

A

High (mid-esophageal) stricture or deep ulcer in a patient with GERD

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41
Q

This pattern is also suggestive of Barrett esophagus

A

A reticular mucosal pattern of the esophageal mucosa, resembling areae gastricae of the stomach

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42
Q

Esophageal disease found most commonly in patients with compromised immune systems

It is increasingly common because of the use of steroids, cytotoxic drugs, and prevalence of AIDS

A

Infectious esophagitis

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43
Q

Pathogen that is by far the most common cause of infectious esophagitis and is highly prevalent in immunocompromised patients

A

Candida albicansis

Additional risk factors include diabetes, malignancy, radiation, chemotherapy, and steroid
treatment

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44
Q

Prominent symptom of Candida of the oropharynx (trush)

A

Odynophagia

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45
Q

Imaging finding of Candida esophagitis

A

Discrete plaque-like lesions demonstrated by air-contrast esophagrams are most characteristic

Ulcers tend to be small (<1 cm) and may be punctate, round, oval, or linear

Fulminant disease produces the “foamy esophagus” with a pattern of tiny bubbles at the top of the barium column

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46
Q

Appearance of plaque in Candida esophagitis

A

The plaques appear as longitudinally oriented linear or irregular discrete filling defects etched in white with intervening normal-appearing mucosa

The lesions may be tiny and nodular, or giant and coalescent with pseudomembranes

47
Q

Esophageal disease that begins as discrete vesicles that rupture to form discrete mucosal ulcers

The ulcers may be linear, punctate, or ring-like and have a characteristic radiolucent halo

A

Herpex simplex esophagitis

48
Q

Most characteristic finding of Herpes simplex esophagitis

A

Discrete ulcers on a background of normal mucosa involving the mid-esophagus are most characteristic of herpes

Nodules and plaques are usually absent

49
Q

Imaging finding of Cytomegalovirus esophagitis

A

Characteristically manifest as one or more large, flat mucosal ulcers

Cytomegalovirus is a cause of fulminant esophagitis in patients with AIDS

Endoscopic biopsy or culture confirms the diagnosis

50
Q

Esophageal disease that causes giant ulcers and severe odynophagia

Ulcers are large, flat, and usually in the mid-esophagus similar to those with cytomegalovirus esophagitis

A

HIV esophagitis

51
Q

The esophagus is the most common portion of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract to be involved by tuberculosis

True or false?

A

False

The esophagus is the least common portion of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract to be involved by
tuberculosis

Manifestations include ulceration, stricture, sinus tract, and abscess formation

52
Q

Esophageal disease that is the result of intake of oral medications that produce a focal inflammation in areas of contact with the mucosa

A

Drug-induced esophagitis

Drugs that cause this condition include tetracycline, doxycycline, quinidine, aspirin, indomethacin, ascorbic acid, potassium chloride, and theophylline

53
Q

What is the radiographic appearance of drug-induced esophagitis

A

The radiographic appearance may be identical to herpes esophagitis, with discrete ulcers separated by normal mucosa in the mid-esophagus

The diagnosis is suggested by a history of recent drug ingestion

Healing usually occurs within 7 to 10 days of discontinuing the offending medication

54
Q

Corrosive ingestion usually occurs as an accident in children or a suicide attempt in adults

What agents produce deep (full-thickness) coagulation necrosis?

a. Alkaline agents
b Acid agents

A

a. Alkaline agents (liquid lye)

Acid agents tend to produce more superficial injury

Ulceration, esophageal perforation, and mediastinitis may complicate the acute injury

Late complications are fibrosis and long or multiple strictures

55
Q

Manifestation of Crohn disease in the esophagus

A

Manifest as discrete aphthous ulcers

Involvement of the small or large bowel by Crohn disease is virtually always present

Crohn disease of the esophagus should not be considered unless Crohn disease of the bowel is already evident

56
Q

UGI finding of radiation esophagitis

A

UGI shows a variable length segment of esophageal narrowing multiple discrete ulcers or a granular mucosal pattern within the radiation field

57
Q

Strictures are defined as any persistent intrinsic narrowing of the esophagus

What is the most common causes of esophageal strictures?

A

Fibrosis induced by inflammation and neoplasm

58
Q

Causes of distal esophageal strictures

A

GERD
Scleroderma
Prolonged nasogastric intubation

59
Q

Causes of upper and middle esophageal strictures

A

Barret esophagus
Mediastinal radiation
Caustic ingestion
Skin disease (pemphigoid, erythema multiforme, and epidermolysis bullosa dystrophica)

60
Q

Smooth tapering concentric narrowing is a characteristic of:

a. Benign stricture
b. Malignant stricture

A

a. Benign strictures

Malignant strictures are characteristically abrupt, asymmetric, eccentric narrowings with irregular, nodular mucosa

Tapered margins may occur with malignant lesions because of the ease of submucosal spread of tumor

*Creator’s notes: Similar to biliary stricture

61
Q

Common cause of esophageal stricture

A

Reflux esophagitis (GERD)

62
Q

Reflux strictures are confined to what part of the esophagus?

A

Confined to the distal esopahgus

May be tapered, smooth, and circumferential (the classic appearance) or asymmetric and irregular

Small smooth sacculations and fixed transverse folds are characteristic and caused by scarring

63
Q

Most reflux esophagitis measure how many cm in length?

A

1 to 3 cm in length

64
Q

This is a pathologic fixed ring-like stricture at the level of the B ring, caused by RE

A

Schatzi ring

65
Q

Typical Schatzki rings measures how many mm in length?

A

2 to 4 mm

66
Q

How does nasogastric intubation causes esophageal strictures (long segment)?

A

Nasogastric tubes prevent closure of the LES, resulting in continuous bathing of the distal esophagus with acid reflux from the stomach

67
Q

Zollinger–Ellison syndrome can lead to severe RE because of the high acid content of refluxed gastric contents

True or false?

A

True

68
Q

Location of Barret esophagus strictures

A

Tend to be high in the mid-esophagus and may be smooth and tapered or ring-like narrowings

The high position is because of a tendency for strictures to occur at the squamocolumnar junction, which has been displaced to a position well above the GEJ

69
Q

Esophageal disease that occur in patients who have undergone partial or total gastrectomy

A

Alkaline reflux esophagitis

Reflux of bile or pancreatic secretions into the esophagus results in the development of severe alkaline reflux esophagitis and distal esophageal strictures whose length and severity increase rapidly over a short period of time

70
Q

A procedure that helps prevent reflux of bile and pancreatic secretion into the esophagus

A

Roux-en-Y reconstruction

71
Q

What stricture should be suspected when barium examination performed in patients who have undergone partial or total gastrectomy or gastrojejunostomy reveals a long stricture in the distal esophagus?

A

Alkaline reflux stricture

72
Q

Esophageal disease that barium studies demonstrate smooth long-segment narrowing of the esophagus or a series of ring-like strictures, called the “ringed esophagus”

A

Eosinophilic esophagitis

CT reveals circumferential wall thickening and submucosal edema

Biopsy reveals eosinophilic infiltration of the wall of the esophagus

The cause may be related to ingested food allergens

73
Q

Radiation strictures are confined to the radiotherapy field usually following doses of how many Gy?

A

50 to 60 Gy

Strictures appear 3 to 6 months after radiation treatment

They are smooth and tapered and usually in the upper or mid- esophagus

74
Q

Typical features of a malignant esophageal stricture

A

Irregular, ulcerated, circumferential narrowing with nodular shoulders

Infiltrative tumors may cause smooth, rigid narrowing of the esophagus without a clear zone of transition

The mucosa may not be altered until tumor spread is substantial

Because longitudinal spread of tumor along the length of the esophagus is typical, long-segment strictures caused by carcinoma are common

75
Q

This are thin (1 to 2 mm), delicate membranes that sweep partially across the lumen

A

Webs

They occur in both the pharynx and esophagus and are commonly multiple

76
Q

Pharyngeal webs arise most commonly at what part of the hypopharynx?

A

Arise from the anterior wall of the hypopharynx

77
Q

Most common location of esophageal webs

A

Esophageal webs may occur anywhere, but they are most common in the cervical esophagus just distal to the cricopharyngeus impression

Most are incidental findings; however, they occasionally cause sufficient obstruction to result in dysphasia

78
Q

Malignancy or inflammation in the mediastinum may encase the esophagus and narrow its lumen

What are the causes?

A

Lung carcinoma
Lymphoma
Metastasis to mediastinal nodes
Tuberculosis and histoplasmosis

79
Q

Causes of enlarged esophageal folds

A

Esophagitis
Varices
Lymphoma
Varicoid carcinoma

80
Q

Two types of esophageal varices

A

Uphill varices

Downhill varices

81
Q

This refer to the portosystemic collateral veins that enlarge because of portal hypertension

a. Uphill varices
b. Downhill varices

A

a. Uphill varices

Coronary vein collaterals connect with gastroesophageal varices that drain into the inferior vena cava via the azygos system

Uphill varices are usually only present in the distal esophagus

82
Q

This are formed as a result of obstruction of the superior vena cava with drainage from the azygos system through esophageal varices to the portal vein

a. Uphill varices
b. Downhill varices

A

Downhill varices

Usually predominate in the proximal esophagus

83
Q

Radiographic signs of pharyngeal carcinomas

A
  1. Intraluminal mass seen as a filling defect, abnormal luminal contour, or focal increased density
  2. Mucosal irregularity owing to ulceration or mucosal elevations
  3. Asymmetrical distensibility due to infiltrating tumor or extrinsic nodal mass.
84
Q

Most pharyngeal tumors are what type of carcinoma?

A

Squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs) that may arise on the base of the tongue, palatine tonsil, posterior pharyngeal wall, or the piriform sinus

Laryngeal tumors may impress on the pharynx or extend into it. Staging is best performed by CT or MR

85
Q

Theses are benign lesions that typically involve the valleculae and should not be mistaken for pharyngeal neoplasms

They appear as small, smooth, well-defined, round, or oval filling defects best appreciated on frontal views

They arise from dilation of mucus glands caused by chronic inflammation

They are never malignant

A

Pharyngeal retention cysts

86
Q

Malignancy of the pharynx that manifest as a large , bulky tumor of the lingual or palatine tonsils

A

Lymphoma

Constitutes 15% of oropharyngeal tumors

87
Q

Most esophageal neoplasms are:

Benign or malignant?

A

Malignant 80%

Primarily adenocarcinoma or SCC

In the United States, adenocarcinoma is now the most common cell type of esophageal cancer, related to the increasing incidence of GERD

SCC risk factors are smoking and alcohol consumption

88
Q

What is the presenting signs and symptoms of esophageal carcinoma

A 
Presenting signs and symptoms include:
Dysphagia
Weight loss
Bleeding leading to anemia
Chest or epigastric pain
Cough
Recurrent pneumonia
89
Q

Type of esophageal carcinoma that arises from malignant transformation of columnar epithelium of Barrett esophagus in the lower third of the esophagus

A

Adenocarcinoma

SCC arises from the stratified squamous epithelium that lines the entire esophagus

90
Q

Imaging of the two types of esophageal are indistinguishable

Except that adenocarcinoma is almost always located where?

A

Distal

Usually invades the GEJ, and is much more likely to invade the stomach

91
Q

Four basic imaging patterns of esophageal carcinoma

A
  1. Annular constricting
  2. Polypoid pattern
  3. Infiltrative
  4. Ulcerated mass
92
Q

Most common pattern of esophageal carcinoma

A

Annular constricting

Appearing as an irregular ulcerated stricture

93
Q

Pattern of esophageal carcinoma that causes an intraluminal filling defect

A

Polypoid pattern

94
Q

Pattern of esophageal carcinoma that grows predominantly in the submucosa and may simulate a benign stricture

A

Infiltrative pattern

95
Q

Least common pattern of esophageal carcinoma

A

Ulcerated mass

96
Q

Why does esophageal carcinoma spread quickly by direct invasion into adjacent tissues

A

Because of the lack of a serosal covering on the esophagus

97
Q

Hematogenous spread of esophageal carcinoma

A

To lung, liver, and adrenal glands

98
Q

Image findings of esophageal carcinoma

A

Irregular thickening of the esophageal wall (> 5mm)
Eccentric narrowing of the lumen
Dilation of the esophagus above the area of narrowing
Invasion of periesophageal tissues
Metastases to mediastinal lymph nodes and the liver

99
Q

This finding is highly indicative finding of tumor spread of esophageal carcinoma

A

Obliteration of the fat space between the aorta, esophagus, and vertebral body

100
Q

Gastric adenocarcinoma cannot spread from the fundus and GEJ into the distal esophagus

True or false

A

False

Gastric adenocarcinoma may spread from the fundus and GEJ into the distal esophagus

Adenocarcinoma of the distal esophagus may be either primary esophageal or primary gastric

101
Q

Most common benign neoplasm of the esophagus

A

Leiomyoma
Accounting for 50% of all benign esophageal neoplasm

Tumor is firm, well encapsulated, and arises in the wall
Ulceration is rare
Most cause no symptoms and are discovered incidentally

102
Q

Imaging finding of esophageal leiomyoma

A

Barium esophagograom:

  • Most are small and appear as smooth, well-defined wall lesions, although rarely they may be pedunculated or polypoid
  • Coarse calcifications are occasionally present and strongly indicative of leiomyoma

CT:

  • Smooth, well-defined mass of uniform soft tissue density
  • The esophageal wall is eccentrically thickened
103
Q

This is a rare cause of esophageal filling defect

They are benign and composed of fatty and fibrous tissue with accompanying blood vessels

A

Fibrovascular polyps

Long polyps may be regurgitated into the pharynx or mouth obstructing the airway

They appear as large elongated intraluminal masses in the upper esophagus

104
Q

These are congenital abnormalities of the esophagus that are usually incidental findings presenting without symptoms

CT shows well-defined cystic mass

Barium examination will show extrinsic or intramural compression due to close contact with the esophagus

A

Esophageal duplication cysts

Most (60%) occur in the lower esophagus

Differential diagnosis include bronchogenic and neurenteric cyst

105
Q

Causes of extrinsic lesions that invade the esophagus or simulate an esophageal mass or filling defect

A

Mediastinal adenopathy
Lung carcinoma
Vascular structures

106
Q

This vascular congenital disease causes a characteristic upward-slanting linear filling defect on the posterior aspect of the esophagus

A

Aberrant right subclavian artery

It arises from the aorta distal to the left subclavian artery

To reach its destination, it must cross the mediastinum behind the esophagus

107
Q

Imaging finding of esophageal perforation

A

Conventional radiographs:
Subcutaneous, cervical, or mediastinal emphysema within 1 hour of perforation

Chest radiographs:
May show a widened mediastinum and pleural effusion or hydropneumothorax

Barium study:
The key finding is focal or diffuse extravasation of contrast outside the esophagus

CT:
Fluid collections, extraluminal contrast, and air in the mediastinum

108
Q

This refers to rupture of the esophageal wall as a result of forceful vomiting

A

Boerhaave syndrome

109
Q

Tear of Boerhaave syndrome is located where?

A

Virtually always in the left posterior wall near the left crus of the diaphragm

Esophageal contents usually escape into the left pleural space or into the potential space between the parietal pleura and left crus

Tears may result in intramural dissections and hematomas in the wall of the esophagus

110
Q

Disease that involves only the mucosa and not the full thickness of the esophagus

Caused usually by violent retching

A

Mallory–Weiss tear

Endoscopy usually identifies the lesion

The lesion is commonly missed on UGI

It may be a cause of copious hematemesis

111
Q

When seen on UGI, what is the appearance of Mallory-Weis tear?

A

Appears as a longitudinally oriented barium collection, 1 to 4 cm in length, in the distal esophagus

112
Q

Foreign body impaction:

Bones are usually lodge where?

A

In the pharynx, most often near the cricopharyngeus muscle

113
Q

Foreign body impaction:

Meat are usually lodge where?

A

Impacts in the distal or mid-esophagus

114
Q

Foreign body impaction:

Perforation occurs in only 1% of cases, but the risk increases if impaction persists more than how many hours?

A

More than 24 hours

Gastrointestinal Imaging (Beri) (26 decks)

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