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Oral Histology > Pharyngeal Arch Development (Exam 1) > Flashcards

Pharyngeal Arch Development (Exam 1) Flashcards

1
Q

What are the anatomical boundaries of the adult head?

A

Head: Extends from the top of the skull to lower jaw

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2
Q

What are the anatomical boundaries of the adult neck?

A

Extends from inferior border of the jaw to the clavicle and sternum

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3
Q

What is the Frontonasal Process (FN)?

A

Anatomical boundary: Midline region which includes; forehead, nose, and philtrum of lip

Develops as functional unit along with the pharyngeal arch region to form the face

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4
Q

What is the Pharyngeal/Breachial arch (PA) region?

A

Anatomical boundary: Extends from the upper and lower jaws down to level of the cricoid cartilage (C6)

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5
Q

What is the Oropharyngeal Region?

A

The Oropharyngeal region is formed by the Pharyngeal arch region. It includes:

  • upper/lower jaw
  • Palate
  • Oral cavity
  • Pharynx/Larynx (to the vertebral level of c6)
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6
Q

Describe the Pharyngeal arches

A

Initially there are 6 pharyngeal arches that from in a cranial to caudal sequence. However the 5th arch degenerates, leaving only 1, 2, 3, 4, and 6.

Note: 4 Bilateral arches are visible on surface of the embryo; 4th merges with 6th

Each arch is a proliferation of tissue located bilaterally in region of jaw or neck

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7
Q

The Maxillary and mandibular processes are located in which arch?

A

Pharyngeal arch 1

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8
Q

What forms the Orofacial Region?

A

the Orofacial region is formed from Pharyngeal arches 1 (bilateral maxillary and mandibular processes) and single frontonasal process

This region is composed of the Face (includes the forehead, nose, cheeks, palate, jaws, and lips) and the Oral Cavity Proper

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9
Q

What is the Oral cavity Proper?

A

Boundary of oral cavity formed by PA1 and FN Process. Developmentally the future oral cavity is known as Stomodeum– lined with ectoderm

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10
Q

Which arches form the future pharyngeal/laryngeal region?

A

2, 3, 4, and 6

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11
Q

Describe the Pharynx:

A

A muscular tube that extends from base of skull to the cricoid cartilage C6. Tube is supported by bone, cartilage, CT and divided into 3 regions:

  • Nasopharynx,
  • Oropharynx,
  • Laryngopharynx/hypopharynx
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12
Q

What are the Adult derivatives of pharyngeal arches?

A

Blood vessels, Facial bones of skull, cartilage, CT, Skeletal muscle of jaws, Face, Palate, lips and neck, mucosa covering the oral cavity, tongue, cheek, lips, thyroid salivary glad

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13
Q

What are Adult derivatives?

Check

A

Accessory Glands that develop from epithelium derived from endoderm. Endoderm lines pharynx and forms outpocketings (pouches) of wall: Pouch derivates include thymus, tonsils parathyroid

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14
Q

Head/Pharyngeal (Brachiomeric) Mesoderm:

A

mixture of mainly paraxial+some lateral plate in region near heart

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15
Q

Ectomesenchym germ layer

A

Mixture of neural crest+ Mesoderm derived tissue

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16
Q

Describe the structural arrangement of each arch:

A

Externally: Ectodermal lines outside surface and cleft/groove that separates each arch

Internally: Endodermal lines pharyngeal tube and lines pouches that separate each arch * each push sits opposite the corresponding cleft

Central Core: Mesoderm and ectomesenchyme

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17
Q

The central core of each arch contains a specific:

A
  • Artery (Lateral Plate
  • Carilage/CT/and/or bones
    (Ectomesenchyme= NC+ Mesoderm)
  • Skeletal Muscle group ( Head/ Branchiomeric mesoderm-considered paraxial)
  • Cranial Nerve (Carries both motor and sensory nerves– Neurons= Neuroectoder min CNS and Neural crest ganglia respectively)
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18
Q

Ectoderm lines the?

A

Stomodeum/ oral cavity proper

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19
Q

Endoderm lines the?

A

Pharynx and Gut tube

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20
Q

What is the boundary between Ectoderm and Endoderm called?

A

The oropharyngeal membrane

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21
Q

Every arch has:

A

Ectoderm and Cleft;

Ectoderm covers the external surface of each arch; lies external to the ectomesenchyme/mesoderm structures

Lines cleft (surface invaginination of ectoderm between each arch)

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22
Q

Adult derivative of external surface (Ectoderm) of pharyngeal arches:

A

Forms epidermis of jaw, and neck; part epithelial lining oral cavity, and dorsal surface of tongue

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23
Q

Describe the Internal surface of pharyngeal arches:

A

Made up of Endoderm:

  • lines the internal surface of the pharynx
  • lines the pharyngeal pouches ( Pouches are out-pocketing from the pharyngeal tube lined with endodermal tissue– Pouches are located between each pharyngeal arch)
24
Q

Adult derivates of the internal surface of pharyngeal arches:

A

Epithelial lining of walls of pharynx; floor of mouth, ventral portion of tongue, thyroid gland, sublingual and submandibular glands, some minor salivary glands

25
Q

Adult derivatives of pouches:

A

Endoderm of pouches contributes to epithelium of auditory tube, palatine tonsils, thymus, parathyroid

26
Q

Describe the Central portion of pharyngeal arches (Describe Ectomesenchyme):

A

Ectomesenchyme: Neural crest cells mixed with mesoderm
- Forms part of the central core (middle layer) of arch; arises from neural crest cells that migrate into region of each arch to form ectomesencyme

  • Adult derivatives: Forms bone/cartilage/CT of jaw and neck region for arches 1-3*
  • Forms CT supporting the thyroid, tonsil, thymus and parathyroid glands
  • Each arch has specific ectomesenchyme derivatives
27
Q

Describe the Lateral Plate of the Central portion of the pharyngeal arches:

A

Forms all blood vessel: branches come off aortic arch, subclavian and common carotid-> external and internal

Adult Structures:

1st: Maxillary Art– Br off external carotid
2nd: Stapedial Art: Very small
3rd: Common carotid Art
4th: Subclavian; Aortic arch
6th: Pulmonary trunk

*Note: Neural crest cells migrating to region of the 6th PA contribute to formation and separation of aorta and pulmonary trunks

Forms CT/Cartilage of laryngeal region: corresponds to region of arches 4 and 6 (I.e thyroid and laryngeal cartilages)

28
Q

What is the Head Pharyngeal Mesoderm?

A

It forms past of the central core (middle layer); Arises from migration of cranial/head mesoderm into region

29
Q

What are the adult derivatives of Head pharyngeal mesoderm?

A

All skeletal muscle of face, jaw, palate, pharynx, and larynx *excludes tongue muscles– tongue muscles are from somites behind head (paraxial mesoderm)

30
Q

Describe the first arch related to Cranial head mesoderm.

A

Muscles of Mastication: Temporalis, Masseter, Lateral Pterygoid, Medial Pterygoid. (All bilateral).
Plus: Mylohoid, Anterior belly of digastric; tensor tympani, tensor vela palatini

31
Q

Describe the 2nd arch related to Cranial head mesoderm.

A

Muscles of facial expression: (Orbicularis iris, orbiculares oculi; rigorous, platysma, buccinator; auricular, front-occipitalis, platysma, etc)

Plus: Stapedus, Stylohoid muscle; posterior belly of digastric

32
Q

Describe the 3rd arch related to Cranial head mesoderm.

A

The Stylopharyngeus muscle

33
Q

Describe the 4th arch related to Cranial head mesoderm.

A

Palatal and Pharyngeal muscles: Have palatal, pharyngeal or uvula in name
Superior middle inferior pharyngeal constrictors, salpingopharyngeus, palatopharyngeus, palatoglossus, cricothyroid, levator veli palatini, musculus uvulae

34
Q

Describe the 6th arch related to Cranial head mesoderm.

A

Intrinsic laryngeal muscles: Have arytenoid or vocal in name

posterior cricoarytenoid, lateral cricoarytenoid, transverse and oblique arytenoid, thyroarytenoid, vocalist

35
Q

Name the Cranial nerves that innervate each arch

A

PA 1 = Trigeminal (CN V)- (V2 and V3 only)
PA2= Facial N (CN VII)
PA 3= Glossopharyngeal (CN IX)
PA 4/6= Vagus (CN X)

36
Q

Describe the Cranial nerve that innervates the 1st Arch

A

The Trigeminal CN (V): Has three divisions; Mandibular (V3), Maxillary (V2), Ophthalmic (V1), (FN region).

V2: (GSA) supplies sensory mucosa for entire palate; small sensory contribution to nose/maxillary sinus
V3: (SVE):

Motor (voluntary)(SVE): Mandibular(V3)
SVE motor neurons located in CNS

GSA (Pain, temp, touch): Mandibular division and maxillary division (V2). Carries these sensations to the face, jaw, teeth and to mucosa of palate, some nose, oral cavity, TMJ, mucosa ant 2/3 tongue, floor of mouth– sensory neurons in ganglia

NO SVA/ NO GVE

37
Q

Describe the Cranial nerve that innervates the 2nd Arch

A

The Facial N (CN VII)

Motor (voluntary): Has several named branches. SVE motor neurons located in CNS

GSA: (Sensory branch) carries pain, temp touch to small area behind ear
Sensory neurons in ganglion= GENICULATE GANGION

SVA (Taste): Facial N- Chorda tympani br. carries taste ant 2/3 tongue and palate
special sensory neurons in ganglion

GVE (autonomic (visceral motor) parasympathetic): (autonomic br) carries parasympathetic fibers to lacrimal, submandibular, sublingual glands, nasal, palatal SALIVARY GLANDS
Pre-ganglionic neurons in CNS
Post-ganglionic neurons
- Pterygopalatine ganglion
-Submandibular ganglion
38
Q

Describe the Cranial nerve that innervates the 3rd Arch

A

The Glossopharyngeal (CN IX):

SVE: Provides motor to one pharyngeal arch muscle— Stylopharyngeus
SVE motor neurons in CNS

GSA: Carries pain, temp, touch to posterior 1/3 of tongue, oropharynx— GAG reflex
Somatic generals sensory neurons form ganglion

SVA: Taste to post 1/3 of tongue
Special sensory neurons in ganglion

GVE: Carries parasympathetic fibers to parotid gland
Preganglionic neurons in CNS
Post ganglionic neurons
- Otic ganglion

39
Q

Describe the Cranial nerve that innervates the 4th Arch

A

Vagus CN (X)- 2 Major branches associated with PA 4th

SVE: Motor branches form a plexus. It provides innervation to Palatoglossus and majority of palatal, pharyngeal and constrictor muscles. Provides motor innervation to cricothyroid muscle

GSA: Sensory branches carries sensation to root/base of tongue/epiglottis. innervates mucosa in larynx above vocal folds.

SVA: Taste branch. Carries taste to root/base of tongue/epiglottis

GVE: Vagus autonomics branch carries parasympathetic fibers to glands of pharynx and larynx. Post-ganglionic neurons in ganglia found in wall of organs

40
Q

Describe the Cranial nerve that innervates the 6th Arch

A

Vagus (CNX): 1 Major branch associated.

SVE: Motor branch provides motor to laryngeal muscles

GSA: Sensory br. Larynx. Carries sensation to mucosa in larynx. Region below vocal folds

SVA: NONE

GVE: Vagus autonomic br. carries parasympathetic fivers to glands of larynx. Post ganglionic neurons in ganglia found in wall of organs

41
Q

Describe the ectodermal clefts and pouches:

A

Every arch has a cleft and a pouch; cleft and pouch are located opposite each other and a membrane lies between the two structures.

Ectodermal clefts of 2,3,4 become obliterated as the muscles of pro-pharynx proliferate and the 2nd arch overgrows the region of 3, and 4. This proliferative event is regulated by cell signaling

Ectodermal cleft of arch 1 normally forms the EXTERNAL AUDIOTRY MEATUS OF EAR– only cleft to persist in adult

42
Q

Describe the Endodermal pouches:

A

Between arch 1 and 2: Pharyngotympanic tube (auditory) (eustachian tube); and Middle ear (tympanic) cavity

Between arch 2 and 3: from epithelial (SSNK) covering surface of palatine tonsil and lining palatine tonsillar fossa: (Palatine tonsil and fossa doesn’t migrate)

Between arch 3 and 4: It’s divided into dorsal and ventral portions. Forms epithelial reticular cells of thymus (ventral part); and the epithelial cells (Chief/Oxyphil) of inferior parathyroid (dorsal part)
* The thymus and inferior parathyroid migrate together to their final adult position– thymus to the mediastinum; inferior parathyroid at inferior pole on posterior surface of parathyroid gland

Between arch 4 and 6: It’s divided into dorsal and ventral portions: Forms Chief/oxyphil cells of superior parathyroid (dorsal Part)
* Neural crest cells invade (ventral part of 4th and 6th) to form parafollicular cells that will become incorporated into thyroid gland.
ventral part forms ultimobranchial body

43
Q

What is the tissue between the cleft and pouch; forms the tympanic membrane called?

A

The Pharyngeal membrane

44
Q

Embryonic precursor for Malleus

A

Meckel’s Cartilage

45
Q

Embryonic precursor for Incus

A

Paleto-pterygoquadrate

46
Q

Malleus, Incus and inferior concha all:

A

undergo endochondral ossification and are from the 1st PA

47
Q

PA 1 is the only PA that has:

A

Pouch and Cleft

48
Q

What supplies the frontonasal region:

A

V1

49
Q

What is the artery associated with PA 2?

A

Stapedial

50
Q

What is the artery associated with PA 2?

A

Maxillary

51
Q

What is the artery associated with PA 3?

A

Common and internal carotid

52
Q

What is the artery associated with PA 4?

A

Subclavian and aorta

53
Q

Which PA’s have lateral plate germ layer

A

4 & 6

54
Q

Neural crest derived pouch cells come from which PA:

A

6th Pouch (Ventral 4th)

  • Parafollicular cells
55
Q

What is the pouch derivative of PA 4?

A

Superior parathyroid (Doesn’t migrate)

Oral Histology (12 decks)

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