Pharr's Grammar III Flashcards
decline singular first person pronouns
N.V. ἐγώ(ν)
G. ἐμεῖο, μευ (ἐμέο, ἐμεῦ, ἐμέθεν)
D. ἐμοί, μοι
A. ἐμέ, με
decline singular second person pronouns
N.V. σύ (τύνη)
G. σεῖο, σεο (σέο, σεῦ, σευ, σέθεν)
D. σοί, τοι (τεΐν)
A. σέ, σε
decline singular third person pronouns
N.V. ———-
G. εἷο, ἑο, (ἕο, εὗ, εὑ, ἕθεν, ἑθεν)
D. ἑοῖ, οἱ, (οἷ)
A. ἑέ, ἑ, (ἕ, μιν)
decline dual first person pronouns
N.A.V. νῶι, νώ
G.D. νῶιν
decline dual second person pronouns
N.A.V. σφῶι, σφώ
G.D. σφῶιν (σφῷν)
decline dual third person pronouns
N.A.V. σφωε
G.D. σφωιν
decline plural first person pronouns
N.V. ἡμεῖς (ἄμμες)
G. ἡμείων (ἡμέων)
D. ἡμῖν (ἄμμι(ν), ἥμιν, ἧμιν)
A. ἡμέας (ἧμας, ἥμεας, ἄμμε)
decline plural second person pronouns
N.V. ὑμεῖς (ὔμμες)
G. ὑμείων (ὑμέων)
D. ὑμῖν (ὔμμι(ν), ὕμιν)
A. ὑμέας (ὔμμε)
decline plural third person pronouns
N.V. ————
G. σφείων, σφεων (σφέων, σφῶν)
D. σφίσι, σφισι (σφι(ν))
A. σφέας, σφε(ας), σφάς
the nominative singular of the personal pronouns is used only for the sake of…
emphasis and contrast
possessive pronouns are formed from the stems of the personal pronouns and are declined like what?
adjectives of the vowel declension (καλός, ή, όν)
decline first, second, and third person singular possessive pronouns
ἐμός, ή, όν
σός, σή, σόν (τεός, τεή, τεόν)
ἑός, ἑή, ἑόν (ὅς, ἥ, ὅν)
decline first and second person dual possessive pronouns
νωίτερος, η, ον our(s)
σφωίτερος, η, ον your(s)
decline first, second, and third person plural possessive pronouns
ἡμέτερος, η, ον. ἁμός, ή, όν
ὑμέτερος, η, ον. ὑμός, ή, όν
σφέτερος, η, ον. σφός, σφή, σφόν
give the singular masculine declension for ὁ, ἡ, τό
N. ὁ
G. τοῦ, τοῖο
D. τῷ
A. τόν
give the singular feminine declension for ὁ, ἡ, τό
N. ἡ
G. τῆς
D. τῇ
A. τήν
give the singular neuter declension for ὁ, ἡ, τό
N. τό
G. τοῦ, τοῖο
D. τῷ
A. τό
give the dual masculine declension for ὁ, ἡ, τό
N.A. τώ
G.D. τοῖιν
give the dual feminine declension for ὁ, ἡ, τό
N.A. (τώ)
G.D. (τοῖιν)
give the dual neuter declension for ὁ, ἡ, τό
N.A. τώ
G.D. τοῖιν
give the plural masculine declension for ὁ, ἡ, τό
N. οἱ (τοί)
G. τῶν
D. τοῖσι, τοῖς
A. τούς
give the plural feminine declension for ὁ, ἡ, τό
N. αἱ (ταί)
G. τάων, τῶν
D. τῆσι, τῇς
A. τάς
give the plural neuter declension for ὁ, ἡ, τό
N. τά
G. τῶν
D. τοῖσι, τοῖς
A. τά
give the singular masculine declension for the intensive pronouns αὐτός, ή, ό (self, same)
N. αὐτός
G. αὐτοῦ, οῖο
D. αὐτῷ
A. αὐτόν
give the singular feminine declension for the intensive pronouns αὐτός, ή, ό (self, same)
N. αὐτή
G. αὐτῆς
D. αὐτῇ
A. αὐτήν
give the singular neuter declension for the intensive pronouns αὐτός, ή, ό (self, same)
N. αὐτό
G. αὐτοῦ, οῖο
D. αὐτῷ
A. αὐτό
give the dual masculine declension for the intensive pronouns αὐτός, ή, ό (self, same)
N.A. αὐτώ
G.D. αὐτοῖιν
give the dual feminine declension for the intensive pronouns αὐτός, ή, ό (self, same)
N.A. (αὐτώ)
G.D. (αὐτοῖιν)
give the dual neuter declension for the intensive pronouns αὐτός, ή, ό (self, same)
N.A. αὐτώ
G.D. αὐτοῖιν
give the plural masculine declension for the intensive pronouns αὐτός, ή, ό (self, same)
N. αὐτοί
G. αὐτῶν
D. αὐτοῖσι, οῖς
A. αὐτούς
give the plural feminine declension for the intensive pronouns αὐτός, ή, ό (self, same)
N. αὐταί
G. αὐτάων, έων, ῶν
D. αὐτῇσι, ῇς
A. αὐτάς
give the plural neuter declension for the intensive pronouns αὐτός, ή, ό (self, same)
N. αὐτά
G. αὐτῶν
D. αὐτοῖσι, οῖς
A. αὐτά
the indefinite τὶς, τὶ is spelled and declined the same as the interrogative, but differs from it how?
the accent. the indefinite pronoun is always an enclitic. the interrogative forms, on the other hand, never change from acute to grave.
give the singular masculine and feminine declension for the indefinite and interrogative pronouns τὶς, τὶ; τίς, τί.
N. τίς
G. τέο (τεῦ)
D. τέῳ (τῷ, τινί)
A. τινά
give the singular neuter declension for the indefinite and interrogative pronouns τὶς, τὶ; τίς, τί.
N. τί
G. τέο (τεῦ)
D. τέῳ (τῷ, τινί)
A. τί
give the dual masculine, feminine, and neuter declensions for the indefinite and interrogative pronouns τὶς, τὶ; τίς, τί.
N.A. τινέ/τίνε
G.D. τινοῖιν/τίνοιιν
give the plural masculine and feminine declensions for the indefinite and interrogative pronouns τὶς, τὶ; τίς, τί.
N. τινές/τίνες
G. τεῶν/τέων
D. τεοῖσι/τέοισι
A. τινάς/τίνας
give the plural neuter declension for the indefinite and interrogative pronouns τὶς, τὶ; τίς, τί.
N. τινά (ἄσσα)
G. τεῶν
D. τεοῖσι
A. τινά (ἄσσα)
give the relative pronouns
ὅς, ἥ, ὅ and ὁ, ἡ, τό who, which, what
give the indefinite relative pronouns
ὅστις, ἥτις, ὅτι (ὅς τις, ἥ τις, ὅ τι) whoever, whichever, whatever
relative and demonstrative pronouns are usually declined like what?
adjectives of the vowel declension (καλός, ή, όν) with the exception that the neuter nominative and accusative singular ends in ο instead of in ον.
give the singular masculine declension of the relative pronouns ὅς (ὅ), ἥ, ὅ who, which, what
N. ὅς (ὅ)
G. οὗ (ὅου, ὅο)
D. ᾧ
A. ὅν
give the singular feminine declension of the relative pronouns ὅς (ὅ), ἥ, ὅ who, which, what
N. ἥ
G. ἧς (ἕης)
D. ἧ
A. ἥν
give the singular neuter declension of the relative pronouns ὅς (ὅ), ἥ, ὅ who, which, what
N. ὅ
G. οὗ (ὅου, ὅο)
D. ᾧ
A. ὅ
give the dual masculine declension of the relative pronouns ὅς (ὅ), ἥ, ὅ who, which, what
N.A. ὥ
G.D. οἷιν
give the dual feminine declension of the relative pronouns ὅς (ὅ), ἥ, ὅ who, which, what
N.A. (ὥ)
G.D. (οἷιν)
give the dual neuter declension of the relative pronouns ὅς (ὅ), ἥ, ὅ who, which, what
N.A. ὥ
G.D. οἷιν
give the plural masculine declension of the relative pronouns ὅς (ὅ), ἥ, ὅ who, which, what
N. οἵ
G. ὧν
D. οἷσι, οἷς
A. οὕς
give the plural feminine declension of the relative pronouns ὅς (ὅ), ἥ, ὅ who, which, what
N. αἵ
G. ὧν
D. ᾗσι, ᾗς
A. ἅς
give the plural neuter declension of the relative pronouns ὅς (ὅ), ἥ, ὅ who, which, what
N. ἅ
G. ὧν
D. οἷσι, οἷς
A. ἅ
give the singular masculine declension of the demonstrative pronoun (ἐ)κεῖνος, η, ο that
N. (ἐ)κεῖνος
G. (ἐ)κείνου, οιο
D. (ἐ)κεῖνῳ
A.(ἐ)κείνον
give the singular feminine declension of the demonstrative pronoun (ἐ)κεῖνος, η, ο that
N. (ἐ)κείνη
G. (ἐ)κείνης
D. (ἐ)κείνῃ
A.(ἐ)κείνην
give the singular neuter declension of the demonstrative pronoun (ἐ)κεῖνος, η, ο that
N. (ἐ)κεῖνο
G. (ἐ)κείνου, οιο
D. (ἐ)κείνῳ
A.(ἐ)κείνο
give the dual masculine, feminine, and neuter declension of the demonstrative pronoun (ἐ)κεῖνος, η, ο that
N.A. (ἐ)κείνω
G.D. (ἐ)κείνοιιν
give the plural masculine declension of the demonstrative pronoun (ἐ)κεῖνος, η, ο that
N. (ἐ)κεῖνοι
G. (ἐ)κείνων
D. (ἐ)κείνοισι, οις
A. (ἐ)κείνους
give the plural feminine declension of the demonstrative pronoun (ἐ)κεῖνος, η, ο that
N. (ἐ)κεῖναι
G. (ἐ)κεινάων (έων, ῶν)
D. (ἐ)κείνῃσι, ῃς
A. (ἐ)κείνας
give the plural neuter declension of the demonstrative pronoun (ἐ)κεῖνος, η, ο that
N. (ἐ)κεῖνα
G. (ἐ)κείνων
D. (ἐ)κείνοισι, οις
A. (ἐ)κεῖνα
give the singular masculine declension of the demonstrative pronoun ὅδε, ἥδε, τόδε (ὅγε, ἥγε, τόγε) this
N. ὅδε
G. τοῦδε, τοῖοδε
D. τῷδε
A. τόνδε
give the singular feminine declension of the demonstrative pronoun ὅδε, ἥδε, τόδε (ὅγε, ἥγε, τόγε) this
N. ἥδε
G. τῆσδε
D. τῇδε
A. τήνδε
give the singular neuter declension of the demonstrative pronoun ὅδε, ἥδε, τόδε (ὅγε, ἥγε, τόγε) this
N. τόδε
G. τοῦδε, τοῖοδε
D. τῷδε
A. τόδε
give the dual masculine declension of the demonstrative pronoun ὅδε, ἥδε, τόδε (ὅγε, ἥγε, τόγε) this
N.A. τώδε
G.D. τοῖινδε
give the dual feminine declension of the demonstrative pronoun ὅδε, ἥδε, τόδε (ὅγε, ἥγε, τόγε) this
N.A. (τώδε)
G.D. (τοῖινδε)
give the dual neuter declension of the demonstrative pronoun ὅδε, ἥδε, τόδε (ὅγε, ἥγε, τόγε) this
N.A. τώδε
G.D. τοῖινδε
give the plural masculine declension of the demonstrative pronoun ὅδε, ἥδε, τόδε (ὅγε, ἥγε, τόγε) this
N. οἵδε (τοίδε)
G. τῶνδε
D. τοῖσι(ι)δε (τοίσδεσ(σ)ι)
A. τούσδε
give the plural feminine declension of the demonstrative pronoun ὅδε, ἥδε, τόδε (ὅγε, ἥγε, τόγε) this
N. αἵδε (ταίδε)
G. τάωνδε (τῶνδε)
D. τῇσι(ι)δε
A. τάσδε
give the plural neuter declension of the demonstrative pronoun ὅδε, ἥδε, τόδε (ὅγε, ἥγε, τόγε) this
N. τάδε
G. τῶνδε
D. τοῖσι(ι)δε (τοίσδεσ(σ)ι)
A. τάδε
give the singular masculine declension of the demonstrative pronoun οὗτος, αὕτη, τοῦτο this
N. οὗτος
G. τούτου, οιο
D. τούτῳ
A. τοῦτον
give the singular feminine declension of the demonstrative pronoun οὗτος, αὕτη, τοῦτο this
N. αὕτη
G. ταύτης
D. ταύτῃ
A. ταύτην
give the singular neuter declension of the demonstrative pronoun οὗτος, αὕτη, τοῦτο this
N. τοῦτο
G. τούτου, οιο
D. τούτῳ
A. τοῦτο
give the dual masculine declension of the demonstrative pronoun οὗτος, αὕτη, τοῦτο this
N.A. τούτω
G.D.τούτοιιν
give the dual feminine declension of the demonstrative pronoun οὗτος, αὕτη, τοῦτο this
N.A. (τούτω)
G.D. (τούτοιιν)
give the dual neuter declension of the demonstrative pronoun οὗτος, αὕτη, τοῦτο this
N.A. τούτω
G.D.τούτοιιν
give the plural masculine declension of the demonstrative pronoun οὗτος, αὕτη, τοῦτο this
N. οὗτοι
G. τούτων
D. τούτοισι, οις
A. τούτους
give the plural feminine declension of the demonstrative pronoun οὗτος, αὕτη, τοῦτο this
N. αὗται
G. ταυτάων (έων, ῶν)
D. ταύτῃσι, ῃς
A. ταύτας
give the plural neuter declension of the demonstrative pronoun οὗτος, αὕτη, τοῦτο this
N. ταῦτα
G. τούτων
D. τούτοισι, οις
A. ταῦτα
the indefinite relative pronouns ὅστις, ἥτις, ὅ τι are compounds of what and what?
the simple relative ὅς, ἥ, ὅ and the indefinite τὶς, τὶ and each part is declined separately or else just the last part is declined.
give the singular masculine declension of the reciprocal pronoun ἀλλήλοιιν, ῃιν, οιιν (of) one another
G. ἀλλήλοιιν
D. ἀλλήλοιιν
A. ἀλλήλω
give the singular feminine declension of the reciprocal pronoun ἀλλήλοιιν, ῃιν, οιιν (of) one another
G. ἀλλήλῃιν
D. ἀλλήλῃιν
A. ἀλλήλα
give the singular neuter declension of the reciprocal pronoun ἀλλήλοιιν, ῃιν, οιιν (of) one another
G. ἀλλήλοιιν
D. ἀλλήλοιιν
A. ἀλλήλω
give the plural masculine declension of the reciprocal pronoun ἀλλήλοιιν, ῃιν, οιιν (of) one another
G. ἀλλήλων
D. ἀλλήλοις(ι)
A. ἀλλήλους
give the plural feminine declension of the reciprocal pronoun ἀλλήλοιιν, ῃιν, οιιν (of) one another
G. ἀλληλάων (έων, ῶν)
D. ἀλλήλῃς(ι)
A. ἀλλήλας
give the plural neuter declension of the reciprocal pronoun ἀλλήλοιιν, ῃιν, οιιν (of) one another
G. ἀλλήλων
D. ἀλλήλοις(ι)
A. ἄλλήλα
the two origins of Greek adverbs
1) Isolated case-forms of nouns, pronouns, and adjectives, which became crystallised and used in an adverbial connection.
2) Adverbs formed by means of various suffixes, the origin of which is unknown.
note: You often see adverbs in the form of the neuter accusative, singular or plural, of adjectives.
a great number of adverbs end in either _ or _.
ω or ως. Those ending in ως are adverbs of manner and are formed from adjectives and pronouns.
Prepositions were originally what?
adverbs. and most of them are still so used in Homer.
The adverb form of καλός, ή, όν
καλῶς
with adverbs, the suffixes -ι, -σι, -θι, -ου, -θα, –θε(ν) denote what?
place where
with adverbs, the suffix -θεν denoteσ what?
place whence
with adverbs, the suffixes -δε, -σε denote what?
whither
with adverbs, the suffix -τε denotes what?
time
with adverbs, the suffix -τος denotes what?
where
The two main classes of verb forms:
finite and infinite
the moods of the finite and infinite classes respectively
1) Finite: indicative, subjunctive, optative, and imperative
2) Infinite: infinitives and participles
the characteristics of the finite forms:
the personal endings, augment, reduplication, voice, mood, and tense signs.
the participle is a verbal _
adjective and is used as other adjectives
the infinitive is a verbal _
noun. formerly used in several cases but restricted in Greek to old case forms of the dative and locative.
thematic verbs
-ω verbs, i.e., those ending in -ω in the first-person singular, present active indicative.
athematic verbs
-μι verbs, i.e., those ending in -μι in the first person singular, present active indicative.
why are thematic verbs called thematic verbs?
because in a majority of their forms the personal ending is preceded by ο/ε, the thematic vowel. λυοε (λύω) is called the theme to which the personal endings are attached. athematic verbs don’t have this connecting vowel. rather, the personal endings are attached directly to the stem of the athematic verbs. they lack the thematic vowel and are therefore athematic.
in the subjunctive, are thematic vowels regularly short or long?
long (ω/η)
verbs which are always inflected thematically:
all future, present, and imperfect tenses of verbs with thematic presents; all second aorists having the thematic vowel; all subjunctives
verbs which are always inflected athematically:
the presents and imperfects in all voices of -μι verbs; all aorists passive (except the subjunctive forms); all middle and passive perfects and pluperfects; all second aorists whose tense stem does not end in the thematic vowel; a few verbs (like ἵστημι) in the second perfect and pluperfect, active; all first aorists, active and middle. The perfects and pluperfects active are primarily athematic in their inflection.
the three Greek voices and their four moods:
Active, Middle, and Passive; the indicative, subjunctive, optative, imperative, as well as the infinitive and participle which are both technically part of the club too.
The Nine Systems of Greek Verb Tenses:
1) present, consisting of the present and imperfect.
2) future, consisting of the future, active, and middle.
3) first aorist, consisting of the first aorist, active and middle.
4) second aorist, consisting of the second aorist, active and middle.
5) first perfect, consisting of the first perfect and pluperfect active.
6) second perfect consisting of the second perfect and pluperfect active.
7) perfect middle, consisting of the perfect, pluperfect, and future perfect middle (passive).
8) first passive, consisting of the first aorist passive.
9) second passive, consisting of the second aorist passive.
the future tense suffix on liquid and nasal stems is εσ but…
the σ regularly dropped out as in βαλέω, φανέω but with at least three exceptions: κέλσω, κύρσω, ὄρσω.
the first aorist tense suffixes
σ(σ)α (sometimes σο/ε) sometimes one of the sigmas drop out after a long vowel. they also drop out sometimes in exchange for the lengthening of or adding to the last vowel in the stem. (ἔμεινα for ἐμενσα).
the second aorist tense suffixes
a) thematic ο/ε, as ἐλίπομεν, ἐλίπετε
b) athematic none, as in ἔβην, ἔστην, ἔδυτε, ἔγνων
the first perfect and first pluperfect tense suffixes
κα; κε
the second perfect and second pluperfect tense suffixes
α; ε; or none
the perfect middle and future perfect tense suffixes
none; σ(σ)ο/ε
the first passive tense suffix
θη/ε
the second passive tense suffix
η/ε
what are the principal parts of a verb?
the first-person singular of each tense system found in it
the principal parts of deponent verbs:
the present, future, perfect, and aorist including both first and second aorists, middle and passive, if they occur.
which mood has a suffix which contracts with the tense suffix/stem and what is it?
the optative; ι/ιη (λύοιμι for λυ-ο-ι-μι)
the seven tenses found in the indicative mood
the present, imperfect, aorist, future, perfect, pluperfect, and future perfect.
non-indicative moods have which tenses?
the present, aorist, and perfect; in addition to these the infinitive and participle have the future tense.
the two groupings of the tenses found in the indicative mood
1) principal (primary) tenses: the present, future, perfect, and future perfect.
2) past (secondary) tenses: imperfect, aorist, and pluperfect (historical tenses).
the passive has a distinct form only in which tense?
the aorist. in the other tenses the middle form carries both the middle and passive meanings (potentially i suppose).
the only two second future forms:
δαήσεαι, μιγήσεσθαι
in verbs what do you call the final suffix (the one after the tense stem/suffix/connecting vowels)?
personal endings
the active singular first, second, and third person, proto-personal endings for the indicative primary tenses, and subjunctive.
1 μι, ω
2 σι, σ, (σ)θα
3 τι = σι
the active singular first, second, and third person, proto-personal endings for the indicative secondary tenses, and optative.
1 ν = α
2 ς, σθα
3 (τ)
the middle singular first, second, and third person, proto-personal endings for the indicative primary tenses, and subjunctive.
1 μαι
2 σαι
3 ται
the middle singular first, second, and third person, proto-personal endings for the indicative secondary tenses, and optative.
1 μην
2 σο
3 το
the active dual first, second, and third person, proto-personal endings for the indicative primary tenses, and subjunctive.
1 —–
2 τον
3 τον
the active dual first, second, and third person, proto-personal endings for the indicative secondary tenses, and optative.
1 —–
2 τον
3 την
the middle dual first, second, and third person, proto-personal endings for the indicative primary tenses, and subjunctive.
1 μεθον
2 σθον
3 σθον
the middle dual first, second, and third person, proto-personal endings for the indicative secondary tenses, and optative.
1 (μεθον)
2 σθον
3 σθην
the active plural first, second, and third person, proto-personal endings for the indicative primary tenses, and subjunctive, first.
1 μεν
2 τε
3 ντι = νσι
the active plural first, second, and third person, proto-personal endings for the indicative secondary tenses, and optative.
1 μεν
2 τε
3 ν(τ), σαν
the middle plural first, second, and third person, proto-personal endings for the indicative primary tenses, and subjunctive.
1 μεθα (μεσθα)
2 σθε
3 νται (αται = νται)
the middle plural first, second, and third person, proto-personal endings for the indicative secondary tenses, and optative.
1 μεθα (μεσθα)
2 σθε
3 ντο (ατο = ντο)
the active singular second and third person (there is no first person), proto-personal endings for the imperative mood.
2 —, θι, ς
3 τω
the middle singular second and third person (there is no first person), proto-personal endings for the imperative mood.
2 σο
3 σθω
the active dual second and third person (there is no first person), proto-personal endings for the imperative mood.
2 τον
3 των
the middle dual second and third person (there is no first person), proto-personal endings for the imperative mood.
2 σθον
3 σθων
the active plural second and third person (there is no first person), proto-personal endings for the imperative mood.
2 τε
3 ντων
the middle plural second and third person (there is no first person), proto-personal endings for the imperative mood.
2 σθε
3 σθων
in the first person primary active singular _ indicative there is no personal ending, rather α takes the place of the thematic vowel
perfect indicative
in addition to being found in the in the first person primary active singular present indicative of all μι verbs, μι is also found in a few _ of _
first person active singular subjunctives of ω verbs
in the second person primary active singular σι is generally replaced by _
sigma
in the second person primary active singular _ is used at times in the perfect, imperfect, and pluperfect of the indicative and occasionally in the subjunctive and optative
θα
in the 3rd singular primary active endings τι becomes _ in most μι verbs and occasionally in the subjunctive of ω verbs.
σι
in the 3rd singular primary active endings what is the alternative ending for ω verbs? the perfect has no personal ending but is known by _ as a connecting vowel
ει;ε
in the 3rd plural primary active endings ντι regularly becomes _ and the _ is then lost in the lengthening of the preceding vowel.
νσι; ν
in the 3rd plural primary active endings many μι verbs seem to have ended in _ which first became _ and finally _.
αντι; ανσι; ασι
in the 1st singular secondary active endings ν after vowels remained unchanged but after consonants became _. the pluperfect εα is usually contracted to _. the optative generally ends in _ but when the mood suffix is ιη it is _.
α η μι ν
in the 3rd singular secondary active endings _ is always dropped
τ
in the 2nd dual secondary active endings _ sometimes occurs in place of τον
την
in the 3rd dual secondary active endings _ sometimes occurs instead of την.
τον
in the 2nd singular middle primary and secondary endings σαι drops its _ between vowels except in the perfect and in the present indicative of μι verbs.
σ
in the 2nd singular middle secondary endings σο regularly drops its _ between vowels except in the pluperfect, and in the imperfect of μι verbs. in a few cases it is also dropped in the pluperfect.
σ
in the 3rd plural middle primary and secondary endings νται, ντο regularly become , _ (, _) in the perfect and pluperfect of verbs with consonant stems, stems ending in iota, occasionally in vowel stems, and always in the optative.
αται, ατο (νται, ντο)
with 2nd singular active imperative endings _ is the thematic vowel and forms like _ have no personal endings.
ε; λύε
with 2nd singular active imperative endings θι is common with both an active and passive meaning. In the first aorist passive θι becomes _ after _ of the passive stem.
τι; θη
with 2nd singular active imperative endings _ occurs in a few cases.
-ς
with 2nd singular middle imperative endings σο loses its _ between vowels except in the perfect of all verbs and the present of _ verbs.
σ; μι
old dative forms of verbal nouns which eventually became infinitives end in _
αι (ναι, μεναι, εναι, σαι active; σθαι, θαι middle and passive)
old locative forms of verbal nouns which eventually became infinitives end in _
εν, μεν ( ειν is a contraction of ε-εν)
participles have the following endings added to the tense stem:
1) ντ for all active tenses, except the perfect (usually), and the first and second aorist passive.
2) οτ occasionally οντ in the perfect active.
3) μενο (feminine μενα) in the middle; and in the passive, except the aorist passive.
verbal adjectives end in _ and are usually equivalent to passive, sometimes active, participles in meaning, or else denote possibility. examples include _ _ _.
τός; γνωτός, ποιητός, τυκτός. They are formed by adding that ending to the verb stem, usually as it appears in the first or second aorist passive.
The two kinds of augment
1) syllabic augment, which prefixes ἐ to verbs beginning with a consonant, as λύω I loose, imperfect ἔλυον I was loosing.
2) temporal augment, which lengthens the first syllable of words beginning with a vowel or a diphthong, as ἀκούω I hear, ἤκουον I was hearing.
note: keep in mind that both types are often omitted.
When augmented α and ε regularly become _. ι, ο, and ν regularly become _, , and _ respectively. αι and ᾳ become. and οι becomes _.
η; ι, ω, υ; ῃ; ῳ
These letters do not undergo any change when augmented:
η, ῃ, ι, υ, ω, ῳ
Verbs beginning with _ regularly double it after the augment. Those beginning with _, _, _, or _ sometimes double the initial consonant after the augment.
ρ. λ, μ, ν, or σ.
When might verbs beginning with a vowel take the syllabic instead of the temporal augment?
when they are words which originally began with a consonant that is now lost such as a digamma or a sigma. example: ἑάνδανον, imperfect of ἁνδάνω (σ(nau)ανδανω) please.
Where does the augment of a compound verb come?
between the attached preposition and the verb. when two vowels are brought together in this way, the first one is generally elided as in ἀπέλυον (ἀπό-ἔλυον).
how is the imperfect formed?
by adding the secondary endings to the augmented stem of the present as λύω - ἔλυον and τίθημι - ἐτίθην
how is the first aorist of vowel and mute verbs regularly formed?
by adding -σ(σ)α to the augmented verb stem, followed by the personal endings of the secondary tenses.
how are “mixed aorists” formed?
by adding σ/οε, followed by the personal endings of the secondary tenses, to the augmented verb stem.
which verbs have κα in the aorist instead of σα
ἵημι, δίδωμι, τίθημι.
How is the future of vowel and mute verbs regularly formed?
by adding σ(σ)ο/ε to the verb stem, followed by the personal endings of the primary tenses.
The four classes of verbs
vowel, liquid, nasal, and mute verbs, depending on whether the stem ends in a vowel, liquid, nasal, or a mute.
The formations in which sigma is dropped after alpha or epsilon are sometimes called what?
Attic futures
if the verb stem ends in a labial mute and encounters a sigma,
it unites with the following sigma and forms ψ
if the verb stem ends in a velar mute and encounters a sigma,
it unites with the sigma following and forms ξ
if the verb stem ends in a dental mute and encounters a sigma,
the dental mute falls out as in πείθω - πείσω
If a verb stem ends in a liquid or a nasal, the future is regularly formed by adding…
εσο/ε to the verb stem (with the loss of σ when it comes between vowels) to which are attached the primary personal endings, as βάλλω, βαλέω (from βαλεσω)
some verbs have lost sigma in the future
σ. καλέω, καλέω
verbs with liquid and nasal stems regularly form their aorists how?
by dropping the sigma and lengthening the stem vowel by compensation (which could be the adding of another short vowel).
second aorists, second perfects, and pluperfects, formation irregulars, are collectively called what?
second tenses
sometimes first and second tenses, when a verb has both forms for the same word and basic meaning, may vary slightly in meaning. how?
usually the first tense is transitive/causative. The second is intransitive. example: ἔβησα (1st aorist) I caused to go, walked (my horse). ἔβην (2nd aorist) I went, I walked.
the perfect and pluperfect have reduplication in how many moods?
all moods.
when undergoing reduplication, verbs already beginning with a double consonant simply add what?
an epsilon
in verbs beginning with a vowel or diphthong the reduplication has the form of _.
the temporal augment, as οἴχομαι, ᾤχωκα.
How do some verbs that begin with α, ε, or ο followed by a consonant reduplicate?
by repeating this vowel and the consonant and by lengthening the vowel, α and ε becoming η, and ο becoming ω, as ἔδω, ἐδηδώς. Sometimes this is called Attic reduplication.
What do the first perfect and first pluperfect add to the reduplicated theme to form the singular?
The first perfect adds -κα, the first pluperfect adds -κε. The dual and plural regularly have the endings of the second perfect, except at times in the third plural, which often has the endings of the first perfect.
How is the stem of the second perfect and second pluperfect formed?
the perfect by adding -α, to the reduplicated theme, and the pluperfect by adding -ε.
Do second or first perfects appear more regularly in Homer?
Second perfects. First (kappa) perfects only appear in about 20 verbs throughout the whole of the Homeric poems. Pluperfects as a whole only appear about 20 times and perfects as a whole are pretty rare as well. Some perfects omit reduplication.
The passive of which tense has active endings?
the aorist
Which tenses are athematic in middle and passive forms?
the perfect and pluperfect.
how is the future perfect passive stem formed?
by adding -σο/ε to the perfect middle (passive) stem.
how is the first aorist passive stem formed?
by adding (σ)θε/η to the verb stem. preceding the theta of the passive stem, π and β become φ; κ and γ become χ; τ, δ, and θ regularly become σ.
what is a deponent verb?
verbs that have no active forms. rather the middle or middle and passive are used with an active meaning.
what is a defective verb?
verbs that do not have all of the principal parts.
What is a periphrastic form?
forms of the verb that are expressed at times by a compound of εἰμί with a participle.
iterative forms
verbs in the imperfect and aorist that have no augment and add σκ followed by the personal endings to the verb stem. Thus from ποθέω comes ποθέεσκον.
A few verbs have special forms in the present and second aorist made by adding θ to the tense stem.
ya know…. just for fun. as in ἔσχεθον from ἔχω ( (second aorist: ἔσχον)
The active indicative present of λύω
S.
- λύω
- λύεις
- λύει
Du.
- λύετον
- λύετον
Pl.
- λύομεν
- λύετε
- λύουσι