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PHARM > Pharmokinetics > Flashcards

Pharmokinetics Flashcards

1
Q

What is pharmokinetics ?

A

The study of drug movement throughout the body
What happens to drug as it moves through the body

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2
Q

why is it important to know pharmokinetics ?

A

help maximize beneficial effects and minimize harm

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3
Q

What do all phases of pharmokinetics require ?

A

movement- get to the site of action , get to site of metabolism, get to site of elimination

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4
Q

What are the 3 ways a drug can pass through a cell membrane ?

A
  1. through channels and pores ( small compounds like minerals and electrolytes )
  2. Passage using transport systems ( PGP=P glycoprotein , multi drug transporter
  3. direct penetration of membrane - most common way but drug has to be lipid soluble, meaning lipophilic
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5
Q

Ions are molecules that contain

A

a net electrical charge

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6
Q

what is a quaternary ammonium compound ?

A

will always have a positive charge and will contain at least one atom of nitrogen

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7
Q

What is pH dependant ionization ?

A

Acid is a proton donor ,will ionize to basic ( alkaline )
Base is a proton acceptor , will ionize in acidic media

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8
Q

What is pH partitioning ?

A

AKA ion trapping, acidic drugs accululate on the alkaline side, basic drugs accumulate on the acidic side

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9
Q

what is absorption ? and what will it determine ?

A

movement of a drug from administration site to the blood, it will determine how soon there will be effects and the amount will show how intense these effects will be

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10
Q

what are some of the factors that will impact drug absorption ?

A

Rate of dissolution
Surface area
Blood flow
Lipid solubility
pH partitioning (Ion trapping

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11
Q

What are the enteral routes of administration ?

A

sublingually, oral( most preffered) and rectal

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12
Q

what are the parenteral routes of adminstration ?

A

intravenously, intramuscularly, subcutaneously

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13
Q

oral administration is usually in the form of ?

A

tablets, enteric coated preparations, sustained release preparations

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14
Q

distribution is ?

A

movement of drug throughout the body

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15
Q

the blood flow will determine ?

A

The rate of delivery of the drug

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16
Q

how can abscesses and tumours impact drug distribution

A

solid tumours have limited blood supply and low limited blood flow will impact therapy

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17
Q

with capillary beds, drugs will pass which way ?

A

They will pass between capillary beds instead of through them to exit the vascular system

18
Q

What is the problem with the placenta for drug transfer ?

A

membranes of the placenta are not an absolute barrier to drugs, movement is the same as other membranes

19
Q

what is the most important plasma protein for drugs ? why is this ?

A

albumin, which always remains in the blood stream and can impact drug distribution and can result in drug interactions leading to toxicity

20
Q

true or false drugs can form irreversible bonds with some proteins ?

A

FALSE - drugs can form reversible bonds with some proteins

21
Q

most drugs must enter cells in order for what to take place ?

A

metabolism and excretion

22
Q

true or false, some drugs must enter the cell in order to each the site of action ?

A

True

23
Q

do drugs need to cross the cell membrane to access the receptors ?

A

No because they are located usually on the surface of the membrane

24
Q

one of the most common ways drugs produce their effects is by ?

A

bind to the receptors on the external surface on the membrane

25
Q

what is another name for drug metabolism ?

A

bio transformation ( when the chemical structure of the drug is altered

26
Q

biotransformation takes place where

A

Usually in the liver

27
Q

cytochrome P450 is what ?

A

enzyme needed to metabolize drugs in the liver

28
Q

what are some of the consequences of drug metabolism ?

A

Drug inactivation

Increased therapeutic action

Activation of prodrugs

Increased or decreased toxicity

Accelerated renal drug excretion- Most important

29
Q

What is enterohepatic re circulation

A

Repeating cycle in which drug is transported
From the liver into the duodenum (via the bile duct)
Back to the liver via the portal blood

30
Q

enterohepatic recirculation happens only with drugs that have

A

have undergone glucuronidation

31
Q

What should be considered for drug metabolism ?

A

Age( older adults have a slower metobolims, kids have not yet fully developped the liver so they are more sensitve to drugs

Induction of drug-metabolizing enzymes
P450 inducers – INCREASE Metabolism
P450 inhibitors – DECREASE Metabolism
First-pass effect
Nutritional status
Competition among drugs

32
Q

What is excretion ?

A

This can be defined as Removal of drugs from the body

33
Q

What are some of the ways drugs can exit the body ?

A

through urine, sweat, saliva, breast milk, or expired air

34
Q

Organ responsible for excretion ?

A

the kidneys

35
Q

What are the steps in renal drug excretion ?

A

Glomerular filtration
Passive tubular reabsorption
Active tubular secretion

36
Q

factors that can modify renal excretion ?

A

pH-dependent ionization
Competition for active tubular transport
Age

37
Q

What are the non renal route of drug excretion

A

Lungs (especially anesthesia)
Sweat/saliva (small amounts)
Bile
breast milk

38
Q

What is the half life of a drug ? what does it determine?

A

Defined as the time required for the amount of drug in the body to decrease by 50%- will determine the dosing interval

39
Q

duration of effects is determined by ?

A

combination of metabolism and excretion

40
Q

drugs that are above the minimum effecrive dose, there will be ?

A

a maintenance of the therapeutic response

41
Q

drug levels produced with repeating doses

A

still unlcear on the graph

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