pharmodynamics

Question 1

What is the study of pharmodynamics ?

Answer 1

The study of the biochemical and physiologic effects of drugs and the molecular mechanisms by which those effects are produced
( What drugs to do the body and how they do it )

Question 2

what is the dose response relationship ?

Answer 2

Relationship between the size of an administered dose and the intensity of the response produced

Question 3

what does the dose response relationship determine ?

Answer 3

The minimum amount of drug to be used
The maximum response a drug can elicit
How much to increase the dosage to produce the desired increase in response

Question 4

a dose response curve will show ?

Answer 4

the maximal efficacy and the relative potency

Question 5

what is maximal efficacy ?

Answer 5

known as the largest effect a drug can produce ( height of curve)

Question 6

what is relative potency?

Answer 6

The amount of drug that must be given in order to elicit a response Can be important if a lack of potency forces inconveniently large doses and implies nothing about the maximal efficacy

Question 7

Drugs are?

Answer 7

Chemicals that produce effects by interacting with other chemicals

Question 8

receptors are ?

Answer 8

Special chemicals in the body that most drugs interact with to produce effects

Question 9

true or false, when a drug binds to a receptor, it is usually reversible

Answer 9

True

Question 10

receptor activity is usually regulated by what ?

Answer 10

Endogenous compounds

Question 11

what happens when a drug binds to a receptor ?

Answer 11

it will either mimic or block the action of endogenous regulatory molecule and either increase or decrease the physiological activity controlled by that receptor

Question 12

receptors can be classifed as?

Answer 12

Normal points of control of physiological processes

Question 13

under normal physiologic conditions, receptors function is regulated by ?

Answer 13

molecules that have been supplied by the body

Question 14

drugs produce therapeutic effects by :

Answer 14

by helping the body use its preexisting capabilities

Question 15

true or false, drugs can both block and mimic the bodies own regulatory molecules

Answer 15

True

Question 16

what are the 4 primary receptor families ?

Answer 16

Cell membrane–embedded enzymes
Ligand-gated ion channels
G protein–coupled receptor systems
Transcription factors

Question 17

True or false The more selective a drug is, the greater the side effects there will be

Answer 17

False, the more selective a drug is , FEWER the side effects there will be

Question 18

receptors and drug selectivity rely on what kind of mechanism ?

Answer 18

A lock and Key mechanism ( does not however gurentee safety)

Question 19

What is the simple occupancy theory ?

Answer 19

the intensity of response to a drug is proportional to the number of receptors occupied

Question 20

maximal response is achieved with a drug when

Answer 20

When there is 100% receptor occupancy

Question 21

What is affinity ?

Answer 21

means the strength of the attraction - a high affinity means they are very potent

Question 22

what is intrinsic activity ?

Answer 22

ability for drug to activate receptor upon binding - higher intrinsic activity of a drug will mean there will be a more intense response seen in the maximal efficacy

Question 23

what is an agonist ?

Answer 23

drug binds to receptor- there is a response

Question 24

what is an antagonist ?

Answer 24

drug binds to receptor, there will be the blockage of a physiological response

Question 25

what are non competitive antagonists ?

Answer 25

drug combines with multiple parts of the receptor and inactivates it

Question 26

what are competitive agonists ?

Question 27

what are partial agonists ?

Answer 27

drug binds to receptor, there is a diminished response

Question 28

The number of receptors on the cell surface and the sensitivity to agonists can change in response to

Answer 28

continuous activation, down regulation, Desensitized or refractory

Question 29

continuous inhibition of receptors will cause

Answer 29

hypersensitivty

Question 30

what drug responses do not involve receptors ?

Answer 30

Simple physical or chemical interactions with other small molecules

Question 31

name some kinds of drugs that dont use receptors

Answer 31

Antacids Antiseptics saline laxatives chelating agents

Question 32

what is the ED 50?

Answer 32

Measurement of interpatient variability , the dose produces an effect in 50 % of patients

Question 33

what are some clinical implications of interpatient variability

Answer 33

The initial dose of a drug is necessarily an approximation ED50 in a patient may need to be increased or decreased after the patient response is evaluated

Question 34

what is the therapeutic index ?

Answer 34

ratio between LD50 which is the average lethal dose to 50% of animals tested with its ED50

Question 35

The higher the therapeutic index means ?

Answer 35

The safer the drug

Question 36

Age of a neonate ?

Answer 36

birth- 1 month

Question 37

age of an infant ?

Answer 37

1-12 months

Question 38

Age of a child

Answer 38

1- 12 years old

Question 39

at what stage can a drug most easily pass through the placenta ?

Answer 39

during the last trimester ( blood flow to the fetus is the highest, increased surface area and increased amount of free drug circulating

Question 40

drug induced development is at its greatest risk when ?

Answer 40

During the first trimester, due to the proliferation of cells and the fast development of organs

Question 41

low serum creatinine is a indicator of?

Answer 41

poor kidney function

Question 42

when there is a decline in renal functioning what happens ?

Answer 42

metabolism, declined cardiac output, delayed drug excretion, and possible drug accumulation because of this

Question 43

why are hydrophiliic drugs a problem with older adults

Answer 43

they have less body water overall so the drug concentration could be higher for them

Question 44

What are some characteristics of peds pts that will impact drug dosage?

Answer 44

skin is thinner and more permeable, stomach lacks acid to kill bacteria, lungs have weaker mucus barrier, liver and kidneys not fully developped, body temp not as well regulated ( more dehydration )