ADVERSE DRUG REACTIONS Flashcards
An adverse drug reaction is ?
Any noxious, unintended, and undesired effect that occurs at normal drug doses
what are some of the fatal reactions that can take place ?
Respiratory depression, neutropenia, hepatocellular injury, anaphylaxis, and hemorrhage
adverse drug reactions are often seen with
very young and very old populations( liver and kidneys may not be functioning as well in these populations )
what is a side effect ?
A nearly unavoidable secondary drug effect produced at therapeutic doses( can develop right away or may not be seen for weeks or months)
toxicity can be defined as?
Adverse drug reaction caused by excessive dosing
true or false toxicity can take place with normal dosing ?
True ( neutropenia )
an allergic reaction is
an immune response
an allergic reaction is determined by
primarily by the degree of sensitization of the immune system rather than by drug dosage
can you have an allergic reaction to something on the first exposure ?
No
True or false, a patients sensititvty to a drug does not change
false
most common drug allergies ?
sulfa drugs and penicillin
what is an idosyncratic effect ?
An uncommon drug response resulting from a genetic predisposition
what is a paradoxical effect ?
The opposite of the intended drug response
what is a paradoxical effect of benzodiazapenes and children?
excitement may occur instead of sedation
what is a latrogenic disease ?
disease produced by a physician”; also used to refer to a disease produced by drugs , eg, drugs for antipsychotic disorders can cause Parkinson-like symptoms
- also called drug induced disease
define physical dependance ? and when doe it happen
A state in which the body has adapted to drug exposure in such a way that an abstinence syndrome will result if drug use is discontinued- develops during long term use of drugs
what is a tetrogenic effect ?
will produce birth defects from being drug induced
true or false antibiotics can be toxic to organs
true Lungs: Amiodarone (antidysrhythmic)
organ specific toxicity ?
hepatotoxic drugs, QT interval drugs ( prolong QT interval) which can be problematic
what do you need to monitor with liver toxic drugs ?
Monitor aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) for liver injury
true or false, some drugs can be carcinogenic ?
True ( think cancer drugs )
explain why hepatotoxic drugs are bad ?
leading cause of liver failure, combining these drugs can increase liver damage ( using alcohol and acetominophen)
when taking liver toxic drugs what should be monitored ?
aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) for liver injury
how to educate a patient about liver damage ?
patient should be aware of signs such as jaundice, dark urine, light-colored stools, nausea, vomiting, malaise, abdominal discomfort, and loss of appetite
What is the QT interval in the cardiac system ?
measurement of time it takes for the ventricles to repolarize after contraction
What does a QT drug do ? why are they a problem
the measurement will be seen as being prolonged on an ECG, Creates serious risk of life-threatening dysrhythmias such as V fib and torsades de pointes
who is at a higher risk when using these kinds of drugs ?
women, older adults, patients that have bradycardia and congestive heart failure, congenital QT prolongation , low potassium and low magnesium
what is considered a prolonged QT interval for men and women
M: 470
W: 480
Drugs that are suspected of causing a previously unknown adverse effect should be reported to
MEDWATCH, the FDA Medical Products Reporting Program
Group of patients that are especially vulnerbale to ADRs?
Those with chronic disorders ) hypertension, seizures, chronic heart disease
Why is it important to try and minimize ADRs and what can be done to try and do this ?
Try and anticipate the ADR, Evaluate the function of any at risk organ ( liver monitor for jaundice, kidneys routine urinanalysis, serum creatinine levels and bone marrow for blood cell counts
What is a black box warning ?
Strongest safety warning a drug can carry and still remain on the market
meant as a warning for prescribers, for potential harmful side effects and presents ways tor educe harm ( avoid tetrogenic drug if pregnant )
what is IPLEDGE ?
iPLEDGE was designed to ensure that those who are pregnant or who may become pregnant will not have access to the drug
90 % of medication errors are caused from
Human factors
Communication mistakes
Drug name confusion
most common reason for medication error?
performance deficit
ways to reduce medication errors
dont use abbreviatios, use a barcode system , dont hand wirte orders , medication reconciliation, accompainment of senior pharmacist on rounds, safety checklists for high alert drugs
reporting medication errors
MER program
