ADVERSE DRUG REACTIONS

Question 1

An adverse drug reaction is ?

Answer 1

Any noxious, unintended, and undesired effect that occurs at normal drug doses

Question 2

what are some of the fatal reactions that can take place ?

Answer 2

Respiratory depression, neutropenia, hepatocellular injury, anaphylaxis, and hemorrhage

Question 3

adverse drug reactions are often seen with

Answer 3

very young and very old populations( liver and kidneys may not be functioning as well in these populations )

Question 4

what is a side effect ?

Answer 4

A nearly unavoidable secondary drug effect produced at therapeutic doses( can develop right away or may not be seen for weeks or months)

Question 5

toxicity can be defined as?

Answer 5

Adverse drug reaction caused by excessive dosing

Question 6

true or false toxicity can take place with normal dosing ?

Answer 6

True ( neutropenia )

Question 7

an allergic reaction is

Answer 7

an immune response

Question 8

an allergic reaction is determined by

Answer 8

primarily by the degree of sensitization of the immune system rather than by drug dosage

Question 9

can you have an allergic reaction to something on the first exposure ?

Answer 9

No

Question 10

True or false, a patients sensititvty to a drug does not change

Answer 10

false

Question 11

most common drug allergies ?

Answer 11

sulfa drugs and penicillin

Question 12

what is an idosyncratic effect ?

Answer 12

An uncommon drug response resulting from a genetic predisposition

Question 13

what is a paradoxical effect ?

Answer 13

The opposite of the intended drug response

Question 14

what is a paradoxical effect of benzodiazapenes and children?

Answer 14

excitement may occur instead of sedation

Question 15

what is a latrogenic disease ?

Answer 15

disease produced by a physician”; also used to refer to a disease produced by drugs , eg, drugs for antipsychotic disorders can cause Parkinson-like symptoms

• also called drug induced disease

Question 16

define physical dependance ? and when doe it happen

Answer 16

A state in which the body has adapted to drug exposure in such a way that an abstinence syndrome will result if drug use is discontinued- develops during long term use of drugs

Question 17

what is a tetrogenic effect ?

Answer 17

will produce birth defects from being drug induced

Question 18

true or false antibiotics can be toxic to organs

Answer 18

true Lungs: Amiodarone (antidysrhythmic)

Question 19

organ specific toxicity ?

Answer 19

hepatotoxic drugs, QT interval drugs ( prolong QT interval) which can be problematic

Question 20

what do you need to monitor with liver toxic drugs ?

Answer 20

Monitor aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) for liver injury

Question 21

true or false, some drugs can be carcinogenic ?

Answer 21

True ( think cancer drugs )

Question 22

explain why hepatotoxic drugs are bad ?

Answer 22

leading cause of liver failure, combining these drugs can increase liver damage ( using alcohol and acetominophen)

Question 23

when taking liver toxic drugs what should be monitored ?

Answer 23

aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) for liver injury

Question 24

how to educate a patient about liver damage ?

Answer 24

patient should be aware of signs such as jaundice, dark urine, light-colored stools, nausea, vomiting, malaise, abdominal discomfort, and loss of appetite

Question 25

What is the QT interval in the cardiac system ?

Answer 25

measurement of time it takes for the ventricles to repolarize after contraction

Question 26

What does a QT drug do ? why are they a problem

Answer 26

the measurement will be seen as being prolonged on an ECG, Creates serious risk of life-threatening dysrhythmias such as V fib and torsades de pointes

Question 27

who is at a higher risk when using these kinds of drugs ?

Answer 27

women, older adults, patients that have bradycardia and congestive heart failure, congenital QT prolongation , low potassium and low magnesium

Question 28

what is considered a prolonged QT interval for men and women

Answer 28

M: 470
W: 480

Question 29

Drugs that are suspected of causing a previously unknown adverse effect should be reported to

Answer 29

MEDWATCH, the FDA Medical Products Reporting Program

Question 30

Group of patients that are especially vulnerbale to ADRs?

Answer 30

Those with chronic disorders ) hypertension, seizures, chronic heart disease

Question 31

Why is it important to try and minimize ADRs and what can be done to try and do this ?

Answer 31

Try and anticipate the ADR, Evaluate the function of any at risk organ ( liver monitor for jaundice, kidneys routine urinanalysis, serum creatinine levels and bone marrow for blood cell counts

Question 32

What is a black box warning ?

Answer 32

Strongest safety warning a drug can carry and still remain on the market
meant as a warning for prescribers, for potential harmful side effects and presents ways tor educe harm ( avoid tetrogenic drug if pregnant )

Question 33

what is IPLEDGE ?

Answer 33

iPLEDGE was designed to ensure that those who are pregnant or who may become pregnant will not have access to the drug

Question 34

90 % of medication errors are caused from

Answer 34

Human factors
Communication mistakes
Drug name confusion

Question 35

most common reason for medication error?

Answer 35

performance deficit

Question 36

ways to reduce medication errors

Answer 36

dont use abbreviatios, use a barcode system , dont hand wirte orders , medication reconciliation, accompainment of senior pharmacist on rounds, safety checklists for high alert drugs

Question 37

reporting medication errors

Answer 37

MER program