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med school pre Rough Review > Pharmocology Drug Summary > Flashcards

Pharmocology Drug Summary Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the classification, mechanism of action, and clinical uses of botulinum toxin

A

Classification: prevents release of acetylcholine

Mechanism of action: degrades SNARE & prevents vesicle fusion/ exocytosis

Clinical uses: paralyzes selected muscles with excessive tone

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2
Q

What are the major side effects of using botulinum toxin in a clinical setting?

A

Generalized muscle weakness or paralysis( depending on dosage, can be fatal)

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3
Q

What are the major considerations and contraindications of using botulinum toxins in a clinical setting?

A

Considerations: can reveal if patient has Lambert-Eaton syndrome… this disease will cause Botox to become generalized since release of ACh is still occurring

Contraindications: can be fatal if not localized

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4
Q

Describe the classification, mechanism of action, and clinical uses of neostigmine

A

Classsification: reversible anticholinesterase

Mechanism of action: carbamic acid derivative; longer duration of action; prevents ACh from being broken down by increasing 1/2 life of AChE

Clinical uses: used for treating Myasthania Gravis

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5
Q

What are the major side effects of neostigmine?

A

Bradychardia, diharrhea, salvation

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6
Q

What are the major considerations and contraindications of neostigmine?

A

Major considerations: increase of ACh in the synaptic cleft

Major contraindications: can depolarized too much & cause decrease of the effect

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7
Q

Describe the classification, mechanism of action, and clinical uses of physostigmine

A

Classification: reversible anticholinesterase

Mechanism of action: carbamic acid derivative; longer duration of action; prevents ACh from being broken down by increasing 1/2 life of AChE

Clinical uses: used for treating MG, crosses BBB good for CNS (GLUT 1 goes)

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8
Q

What is the major considerations of physostigmine ?

A

Used as treatment for atropine poisoning

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9
Q

What are the classifications, mechanism of action, and clinical uses of edrophonium?

A

Classification: reversible anticholinesterase

Mechanism of action: simple alcohol; short duration of action-increases ACh in cleft

Clinical uses- used for diagnosing Myasthenia Gravis (MG) and Eaton Lamburt

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10
Q

What are the major considerations of edrophonium?

A

Slight increase of ACh (for a little bit)

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11
Q

What are the classifications and mechanism of action of malathion?

A

Classification: irreversible anticholinesterase

Mechanism of action: phosphate group irreversibly binds to AChE, preventing ACh breakdown

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12
Q

What are the major side effects of malathion?

A

Increased ACh stimulates receptors causing muscle paralysis and death

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13
Q

What are the major considerations and contraindications of malathion?

A

Considerations- only way to overcome is with synthesis of new AChE which may take up to 6 weeks

Contraindications- Common way of suicide in African countries; irreversible toxic used in pesticides

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14
Q

What are the classifications, mechanism of action, and clinical uses of Succinylcholine?

A

Classification: neuromuscular nicotinic agonists “depolarizing”

Mechanism of action: keeps muscles from contracting by causing receptor channels to stay open, leading to depolarizing blockade

Clinical uses: used to produce paralysis of pharyngeal muscles for intubation & ventilation (short procedure)

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15
Q

What are the major side effects of Succinylcholine?

A

Bradychardia, K+ release (prolonged depolarozation), prolonged paralysis

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16
Q

What are the major therapeutic considerations and contraindications of Succinylcholine?

A

Considerations: leads to paralysis of the muscles due to desensitization to prolonged activation

Contraindications: can cause malignant hyperthermia

Uses parasympathetic

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17
Q

What are the classifications, mechanism of action and clinical uses of Pancuronium ?

A

Classification: neuromuscular nicotinic antagonists “nondepolarizing”

Mechanism of action: occupies the Nm receptors on skeletal muscle so agonist cannot bind and muscle cannot contract

Clinical uses: used to produce paralysis in surgery (long procedure)

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18
Q

What are the major side effects of Pancuronium?

A

Hypertension, apnea, bronchospasm, salivation & flushing

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19
Q

What are the major considerations and contraindications of Pancuronium?

A

Considerations- more selective on neuromuscular junction (Nm); long lasting- effects are overcom3 by increasing ACh levels

Contraindications- can cause respiratory failure

-sympathetic responses are dominating

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20
Q

What is the classification of acetylcholine?

A

Muscuranic agonist

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21
Q

What is the mechanism of action of acetylcholine?

A

Not used clinically

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22
Q

What is a major side effect of Acetylcholine ?

A

Too short half life

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23
Q

What are the major considerations and contraindications of acetylcholine?

A

Consideration: nicotinic & muscuranic agonists

Contraindications: too short half life

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24
Q

What are the classification, mechanism of action and clinical uses of pilocarpine?

A

Classification: muscuranic agonists

Mechanism of action: ACh is NOT used; mimics ACh effects

Clinical uses: used to treat glaucoma by activating receptors on circular muscles of eye causing miosis; used to treat dry mouth in Sjorgens syndrome

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25
Q

What are the major side effects of pilocarpine?

A

Stimulates parasympathetic

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26
Q

What are the major considerations and contraindications of pilocarpine?

A

Glaucoma & Sjorgen Syndrome treatment

27
Q

What are the classifications, mechanisms, and clinical uses of methacholine?

A

Classification: muscuranic agonists

Mechanism of action : ACh is NOT used

Clinical uses: used in diagnosis of asthma (they will respond to lower dose)

28
Q

What are the major side effects of methacholine?

A

Stimulates parasympathetic; bronchoconstriction

29
Q

What are the major considerations and contraindications of methacholine?

A

Considerations: more specific for musculotenic because 3x more resistant to hydrolysis by AChE & possesses little affinity for nicotinic receptors

Contraindications: causes major bronchoconstriction

30
Q

What are the classifications, clinical uses and mechanism of action of Bethanechol ?

A

Classification: muscuranic agonists

Mechanism of action: ACh is NOT used

Clinical uses: choose for promoting GI & urinary tract

31
Q

What are the classifications, clinical uses and mechanism of action of Bethanechol ?

A

Classification: muscuranic agonists

Mechanism of action: ACh is NOT used

Clinical uses: choose for promoting GI & urinary tract

32
Q

What is the major side effect of Bethanechol?

A

Stimulates parasympathetic

33
Q

What are the major considerations of Bethanechol ?

A

Almost completely selective for muscuranic receptors

34
Q

What are the classifications, clinical uses, and mechanism of action of atropine?

A

Classification: muscuranic antagonists

Mechanism of action: Bind to muscuranic receptor & prevents ACh from exerting its effect; blocks parasympathetic effects

Clinical uses: produce mydriasis (dilation of eyes), inhibit excessive salivation/ mucus secretion, counteract muscurine or anticholinesterase poisoning, & reverse sinus bradychardia

35
Q

What are the major side effects of atropine?

A

Pupil dilation, tachycardia, decrease secretions, sympathetic response because antagonizes parasympathetic

36
Q

What are the major considerations and contraindications of atropine?

A

Considerations: competitive antagonists; allows sympathetic response to dominate; reduces SLUDGE= salivation, lacrimation, urination, diaphoresis (sweating), GIT motility, Emesis

37
Q

What are the cholinergic drugs?

A
  • botulinum toxin
  • neostigmine
  • physostigmine
  • edrophonium
  • malathion
  • suuccinylcholine
  • Pancuronium
  • pilocarpine
  • methacholine
  • Bethanechol
  • atropine
38
Q

What are the classifications, mechanism of action and clinical uses of amphetamine?

A

Classification: inhibitor of CA storage

Mechanism of action: Blocks NET

Clinical uses: displaces endogenous Catecholamine from storage vesicles

39
Q

What is the major side effect of Bethanechol?

A

Stimulates parasympathetic

40
Q

What are the major considerations of Bethanechol ?

A

Almost completely selective for muscuranic receptors

41
Q

What are the classifications, clinical uses, and mechanism of action of atropine?

A

Classification: muscuranic antagonists

Mechanism of action: Bind to muscuranic receptor & prevents ACh from exerting its effect; blocks parasympathetic effects

Clinical uses: produce mydriasis (dilation of eyes), inhibit excessive salivation/ mucus secretion, counteract muscurine or anticholinesterase poisoning, & reverse sinus bradychardia

42
Q

What are the major side effects of atropine?

A

Pupil dilation, tachycardia, decrease secretions, sympathetic response because antagonizes parasympathetic

43
Q

What are the major considerations and contraindications of atropine?

A

Considerations: competitive antagonists; allows sympathetic response to dominate; reduces SLUDGE= salivation, lacrimation, urination, diaphoresis (sweating), GIT motility, Emesis

44
Q

What are the cholinergic drugs?

A
  • botulinum toxin
  • neostigmine
  • physostigmine
  • edrophonium
  • malathion
  • suuccinylcholine
  • Pancuronium
  • pilocarpine
  • methacholine
  • Bethanechol
  • atropine
45
Q

What are the classifications, mechanism of action and clinical uses of amphetamine?

A

Classification: inhibitor of CA storage

Mechanism of action: Blocks NET

Clinical uses: displaces endogenous Catecholamine from storage vesicles

46
Q

What are the major considerations of amphetamine?

A

Weak inhibitor of MAO

Alpha 1 is increased

47
Q

What are the classifications, mechanism of action, and clinical uses of pseudoephedrine?

A

Classification: inhibitor of CA storage

Mechanism of action: increases NE activity at post synaptic a & B receptors

Clinical uses: used for nasal decongetion

48
Q

What are the classifications, and mechanism of action of cocaine?

A

Classification: inhibitor of CA reuptake

Mechanism of action: inhibits NE Transporter

49
Q

What are the classifications, mechanism of action and clinical uses of impramine?

A

Classification: inhibitor of CA reuptake

Mechanism of action: inhibitor of reuptake of Catecholamines

Clinical use: used for treating mild depression

50
Q

What are the major side effects of impramine?

A

Post hypotension & tachycardia

51
Q

What are the classifications, and mechanism of action of iproniazid?

A

Classification: inhibitor of CA metabolism

Mechanism of action: irreversible & non selective

52
Q

What are the considerations and contraindications of ipromazid?

A

Considerations: would inhibit MAO or other things that degrade epinephrine & norepinephrine

Constipation : discontinued in most of the world besides France

53
Q

What are the classifications, and clinical uses of epinephrine?

A

Classification: a & B agonist

Clinical use: at high doses, treats anaphylaxis & used for vasoconstriction in conjunction with local anaesthetics

54
Q

What are the major considerations of using epinephrine?

A

High affinity for B2 receptors; at high concentration, has effect on a1

55
Q

What are the classifications and considerations of norepinephrine?

A

Classification: a & B agonist

Considerations: high affinity for a1 & B1 but little affinity for B2

56
Q

What are the classifications, mechanism of action and clinical uses of Oxymetazoline?

A

Classification: a1 & a2 agonist

Mechanism of action: vasoconstriction; a1 agonist & partial a2 agonist

Clinical use: decongestant

57
Q

What is the considerations of oxymetazoline?

A

Topical or nasal; treats ocular hypermia- eye redness

Examples: vicks, Sudafed, afrin, visine

58
Q

What is the classifications, mechanism of action and clinical use of phenylephrine?

A

Classification: a1 agonist

Mechanism of action: constriction & smooth muscle contraction

Clinical use: treatment of shock

59
Q

What are the classifications, mechanism of action and clinical uses of Oxymetazoline?

A

Classification: a1 & a2 agonist

Mechanism of action: vasoconstriction; a1 agonist & partial a2 agonist

Clinical use: decongestant

60
Q

What is the considerations of oxymetazoline?

A

Topical or nasal; treats ocular hypermia- eye redness

Examples: vicks, Sudafed, afrin, visine

61
Q

What is the classifications, mechanism of action and clinical use of phenylephrine?

A

Classification: a1 agonist

Mechanism of action: constriction & smooth muscle contraction

Clinical use: treatment of shock

62
Q

What are the classifications, mechanism of action and clinical uses of phenoxybenzamine?

A

Classification: a1 & a2 agonist

Mechanism of action: non-selective, non-competitive a-antagonist - irreversible

Clinical uses- Manage hypertension caused by pheochromocytoma- tumor of adrenal gland so NE is increased with this tumor

63
Q

What is the major consideration of phenoxybenzamine?

A

Prevent vasoconstriction & decrease blood pressure

64
Q

What are the classifications, mechanism of actions and clinical use of phentolamine?

A

Classification: a1 & a2 antagonist

Mechanism of action: reversible, competitive antagonists

Clinical uses: manage hypertension caused by pheochromocytoma

med school pre Rough Review (7 decks)

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