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PAM Semester 2 > Pharmacotherapeutics Exam 2 > Flashcards

Pharmacotherapeutics Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Carbapenem MOA

A

Ertapenem, imipenem, meropenem, doripenem

Inhibits bacterial trans-peptidases

B-lactamase resistant

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2
Q

Botulism Antitoxins

A

Equine serum heptavalent botulism antitoxin
Over 1 year old

Human derived botulism immune globulin
under 1 year old

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3
Q

Inhibitors of viral penetration:

A

Amantadine

Rimantadine.

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4
Q

Mechanism of action Antibiotics

Nucleic acid synthesis (DNA Gyrase)

A

Quinolones

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5
Q

Mechanism of action Antibiotics
Cell Wall
Other (2)

A

Vancomycin

Bacitracin

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6
Q

General Info about Streptococcus pyrogenes

A

Spherical

Gram Positive

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7
Q

Chlamydia trachomatis

A

highly susceptible to tetracyclines and macrolides.

Within these two classes, first-line agents includedoxycyclineandazithromycin, respectively.
CDC recommend either as first line.

Azithromycin 1 gram single dose

Doxy 100mg twice daily for 7 days

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8
Q

Disease For Enterococcus faecium

A

bacteremia, endocarditis, peritonitis

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9
Q

Gram positive bacteria types to know

Rods

A

Bacillus
Clostridium
Listeria

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10
Q

What happens when gram negative bateria repilate or are killed off

A

They release Lipid A of the LPS which is an endotoxin

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11
Q

Antiretroviral drugs

A

Used to treat infections caused by HIV, the virus that causes AIDS

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12
Q

The four major goals of treatment of Rheumatic fever are:

A

Symptomatic relief of acute disease manifestations (eg, arthritis)

Eradication of group A beta-hemolyticStreptococcus(GAS)

Prophylaxis against future GAS infection to prevent progression of cardiac disease.

Provision of education for the patient and patient’s caregivers

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13
Q

Disease For Moraxella catarrhalis

A

respiratory infection

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14
Q

Botulism

A

A rare but potentially life-threatening neuroparalytic syndrome caused by a neurotoxin produced byClostridium botulinum,

a heterogeneous group of gram-positive, rod-shaped, spore-forming, obligate anaerobic bacteria.

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15
Q

Disease For Pseudomonas aeruginosa

A

nosocomial pneumonia, burn infection, bacteremia

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16
Q

Campylobacter jejuni drug of choice

A

Macrolides

Azithromycin
Erythromycin

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17
Q

Tetanus Treatment

A

Wound management & Airway Mgmt is key

Metronidazole(500 mg [IV] Q6-8 hours)
is the preferred treatment for tetanus,

butpenicillin G(2 to 4 million units IV Q4-6 hours) is a safe and effective alternative.

We suggest a treatment duration of 7 to 10 days.

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18
Q

Bacterialcidal Classes

A 
B-Lactams
Aminoglycosides
Glycopeptides
Quinolones
Ansamycins
Stretptogramins
Lipopeptides

(Causes bacterial cell death)

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19
Q

Botulism causes

A

Infants - most common (honey) (floppy baby)

Food borne

Wound

Most potent biologic toxin in the world

Botulism inhibits ACH release at presynaptic receptors

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20
Q

Which of the following is not considered a beta-lactam antibiotic?

Marcolides
Monobactams
Penicillins
Carbapenems

A

Marcolides

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21
Q

CCR5 receptor inhibitor

A

Selzentry – maraviroc

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22
Q

Which of the following antibiotics treats Group-A streptococcal pharyngitis?

Amoxicillin
Metronidazole
Doxycycline
Ciprofloxacin

A

Amoxicillin

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23
Q

Influenza treatment

A

neuraminidase inhibitors = oseltamivir

The adamantanes,amantadineandrimantadine, which are only active against influenza A.

Due to a marked increase in resistant isolates, the United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommends that adamantanesnotbe used in the United States for the treatment of influenza, except in selected circumstances

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24
Q

Pseudomembranous colitis

A

Swelling or inflammation of the large intestine (colon) due to an overgrowth of (C difficile) bacteria.

Most common antibiotics that cause this are: Clindamycin, fluoroquinolones, and CMCs (cephalosporins, monobactams, and carbapenems)

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25
DNA polymerase inhibitors
Purine Nucleoside Analogues: Acyclovir, Ganciclovir, Famiciclovir, Valacyclovir
26
General Info about Pseudomonas Aeruginosa
Gram Negative Aerobic rod shaped
27
Disease For Escherichia coli
bacteremia, urinary-tract and gastrointestinal infection
28
Gram Positive Bacteria
Has thick cell wall Has glycans in cell wall. the lysosymes we produce help break apart glycans (natrual defense for Gram (+)) has one phospholipid bilayer Much easier to penetrate that gram negative due to only one phospholipid bilayer
29
Viral | Chronic infections
Hepatitis B
30
Bacteriostatic Classes
``` Chloramphenicol Oxazolidinones Sulfonamides Tetracyclines Macrolides ``` (Restricts growth and reproduction)
31
General Info about Enterococcus
Gram positive | Cocci
32
The treatment of respiratory diphtheria consists of what antibiotic therapy
(Erythromycin 500 mg four times a day) and diphtheria antitoxin for severe cases
33
Duration of prophylactic therapy for rheumatic fever
RF with Carditis and heart disease 10 years or until 40 (whichever is longer) RF with carditis no heart disease 10 years or until 21 (whichever is longer) RF no carditis 5 years or until 21 (whichever is longer)
34
General Info about Clostridium Difficile
Anaerobic | spore forming rod (bacilus)
35
Tdap (Adults) | Years
Every 10 years
36
Disease For Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Tuberculosis
37
Mechanism of action Antibiotics Cell Wall Beta Lactam
Penicillins Cephalosporins Carbapenems Monobactams
38
Which of the following antibiotics has a mechanism of action of folate synthesis? Penicillins Sulfonamides Macrolides Tetracyclines
Sulfonamides
39
Varicella-zoster virus infections
Primary infection with VZV results in varicella, also known as chickenpox, characterized by vesicular lesions in different stages of development on the face, trunk, and extremities. Herpes zoster, also known as shingles, results from reactivation of endogenous latent VZV infection within the sensory ganglia.
40
When carbapenems are used as a single agent against initially susceptible isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, what may occur?
Resistance may emerge during therapy.
41
Anti-retrovirals
Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors Zidovudine (Retrovir) Protease inhibitors: Lopinavir/Ritonavir (Kaletra) CCR5 receptor inhibitor: Maraviroc (Selzentry) Integrase inhibitor: Raltegravir (Isentress)
42
Disease For Enterococcus faecalis
bacteremia, endocarditis, urinary-tract infection, peritonitis
43
Disease For Acinetobacter spp.
pneumonia in immuno-compromised patients
44
Gonococcal infections | treatment
Ceftriaxone is treatment for gonorrhea Single IM dose For most patients, 500 mg individuals who weigh ≥150 kg we give a 1 g dose
45
The mainstay of treatment for individuals with infectious mononucleosis (IM) and other manifestations of primary EBV disease is
Supportive care Acetaminophen or nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs are recommended for the treatment of fever, throat discomfort, and malaise. Provision of adequate fluids and nutrition is also appropriate. Although getting adequate rest is prudent, bed rest is unnecessary. However, strenuous activity should be avoided for at least three weeks after onset of IM.
46
Viruses are classified on the basis of
morphology, chemical composition, and mode of replication.
47
General Info about Salmonella
Gram negative | rod shaped
48
Gram Negative bacteria types to know | Rods (non-enteric)
``` Bordella Hemophilus Legionella Pasteurella Pseudomonas (both) ```
49
3rd Generation Cephalosporin
Ceftriaxone, Gonorrhea Ceftazidime Pseudomonas,
50
Bacteriostatic
Restricts growth and reproduction
51
MRSA Meds
``` Bactrim Clindamycin doxycycline Vancomycin Linezolid ```
52
Monobactam MOA
Aztreonam Bind to PBP - Inhibit cell wall synthesis
53
Influenza Treatments
Neuraminidase inhibitors oseltamivir, zanamivir, peramivir M2 channel Blockers (only flu A) amantadine, rimantadine
54
HIV drugs
Maraviroc Zidovudine (AZT) Raltegravir Lopeinavir
55
Which of the following antibiotic is considered a third-generation cephalosporin? Cefazolin Ceftazidime Ceftriaxone cefepime
Ceftriaxone
56
Rubella (German Measles)
Treatment consists of supportive care. No specific therapy for rubella infection is available.
57
Neuraminidase Inhibitors:
Zanamivir, Oseltamivir.
58
1st Generation Cephalosporin
Cefazolin most gram posititve cocci E.coli, Proteus, Klebsiella
59
Bacteriocidal
Causes bacterial cell death
60
Which of the following types of HPV does not cause the most cases of genital warts including cancer? 5 11 16 18
5
61
Tdap (preteens) | Years
11 through 12 years
62
Shapes | Bacilli
Rod
63
Which of the following antibiotics does not treat cholera? Doxycycline Azithromycin Ciprofloxacin Amoxicillin
Amoxicillin
64
Gram Negative bacteria types to know | Cocci
Acinetobacter Moraxella Neisseria
65
Jones Criteria For Strep
``` Joints (polyarthritis) Carditis Nodules Erythema marginatum Syndenhams chorea ```
66
Disease For Proteus spp.
urinary-tract infection
67
Acyclovir MOA
Guanosine analogs requiring phosphorylation by infected cells thymidine kinase (Translation) = inhibits viral DNA polymerase HSV, VZV and EBV (high dose) Renal damage (IV dose) (hydration can minimize)
68
Carbapenems have a broad spectrum of activity against
gram-negative organisms (including those that produce extended spectrum beta-lactamases), anaerobes (including Bacteroides fragilis), gram-positive organisms (including Enterococcus faecalis and Listeria).
69
4 classes of meds that fight Group-A Strep
Penicillins Cephalosporins Macrolides Lincosamides
70
Rheumatic fever
Mitral valve stenosis, regurge, heart damage Fever, Joint pain, red hot swollen joints, Chest pain, murmur, fatigue, unusual outbursts painless bumps beneath skin Risk factors= Family history, strains of strep, Envirnomental factors
71
Gram positive bacteria types to know | Cocci
Enterococcus Staphylococcus Streptococcus Peptostreptococcus
72
Mechanism of action Antibiotics | Protein synthesis 30 s
Tetracyclines | Aminoglycosides
73
Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTI)
thymidine analogue (azidothymidine, AZT) MOA: inhibits viral reverse transcriptase in preference to cellular DNA polymerase Anemia and neutropenia are the most important and dose-related adverse effects.
74
Protease Inhibitors (PI)
atazanavir (Reyataz) Mechanism: Protease inhibitors (PIs) block protease (an HIV enzyme). By blocking protease, PIs prevent new (immature) HIV from becoming a mature virus that can infect other CD4 cells
75
Mechanism of action Antibiotics | Nucleic acid synthesis (RNA Polymerase)
Rifampin
76
4 groups of Beta Lactams
Penicillins Cephalosporins Monobactams Carbapenems
77
Advanced Generation Cephalosporin
Ceftaroline | MRSA
78
``` Cytomegalovirus infections (CMV) treatments ```
ganciclovir valganciclovir foscarnet
79
Inhibitors of viral penetration
amantadine (Symmetrel) Narrow antiviral spectrum active only against influenza A
80
Varicella-zoster Treatment
The goals of antiviral therapy are to promote more rapid healing of skin lesions, lessen the severity and duration of pain associated with acute neuritis, and potentially reduce the incidence or severity of chronic pain, referred to as postherpetic neuralgia. We recommend antiviral therapy for patients with uncomplicated herpes zoster who present within 72 hours of clinical symptoms. The nucleoside analogues acyclovir, valacyclovir, or famciclovir can be used for treatment of acute herpes zoster infection. We prefer valacyclovir (1000 mg three times daily) or famciclovir (500 mg three times daily) because of their lower dosing frequency compared with acyclovir (800 mg five times daily). ``` All regimens should be given for seven days. Analgesic drugs (acetaminophen vs. gabapentin) ```
81
Mechanism of action Antibiotics | Protein synthesis 50 s
``` Macrolides Clindamycin Linezoid Chloramphenicol Streptogramins ```
82
Viral | Latent infections
Herpes simplex | Varicella simplex
83
Why Fluoroquinolones for salmonella treatment
Antibiotics are not always needed When antibiotics are needed Fluoroquinolones (eg, ciprofloxacin 500 mg orally twice daily or levofloxacin 500 mg orally once daily) are generally the most appropriate agents for adults because of their activity against most common gram-negative enteric pathogens, their high tissue and intracellular concentrations, and their favorable side effect profile.
84
Roseola
In most cases, roseola is a benign and self-limited disease. Treatment is supportive.
85
Mechanism of action Antibiotics | Folate synthesis
Sulfonamides | Trimethoprim
86
Which of the following antibiotics has a mechanism of action of protein synthesis via 50s subunit? Penicillins Sulfonamides Macrolides Tetracyclines
Macrolides
87
Disease For Staphylococcus Aureus
skin and wound infection, abscess, bacteremia, nosocomial pneumonia, endocarditis, toxic shock syndrome
88
Shapes | cocci
Round
89
Ways to treat HPV
Don't treat / observation, meds, surgical removal Aldara - cream (stimulates immune system) Podofilux - gel (destroys skin of wart) Veregen - ointment (immunocompromised patients Tricholoroacetic acid - destorys virus proteins ( (applied by Dr)
90
2nd Generation Cephalosporin
Haemophilus influenza | Moraxella catarrhalis
91
Gram Negative bacteria types to know | Rods (enteric)
``` Bacterioides Campylobacter Enterobacter Escherichia Klebsiella Proteus Pseudomonas (both) Salmonella Shigella Vibrio ```
92
``` Antibiotics Can Protect The Queens Men Servants Guards ```
``` Aminoglycosides Cephalosporins Penicillins Tetracyclines Quinolones (flouroquinolones) Macrolides Sulfonamides Glycopeptides ```
93
Campylobacter
Campylobacter enteritis cause of acute diarrhea worldwide. It is typically caused by Campylobacter jejuni or Campylobacter coli, and is largely a foodborne disease. Poultry, Waterborne outbreaks Can lead to Guillen-barre
94
Disease For Streptococcus pneumoniae
upper respiratory infection, pneumonia, otitis, sinusitis, meningitis
95
Which of the following antivirals treat cytomegalovirus (CMV)? Acyclovir Ganciclovir Raltegravir Atazanavir
Ganciclovir
96
Rabies
There is no known effective treatment for rabies, although the disease can be very effectively prevented after recognized exposures using post-exposure rabies prophylaxis
97
The most critical therapy in diarrheal illness is
hydration, preferably by the oral route with solutions that contain water, salt, and sugar
98
Salmonella antibiotic
We generally do not recommend antibiotic treatment for immunocompetent individuals between 12 months and 50 years of age who have documented Salmonella gastroenteritis with mild to moderate symptoms, as the illness is typically self-limited
99
Viral | Acute infections
Influenza | Hepatitis A
100
Disease For Haemophilus influenzae
respiratory infection, otitis, sinusitis, meningitis
101
HPV Vaccine
Gardasil (merck) Types 6, 11, 16, 18 Anal, cervical, vaginal and vulvar precancer, cancer. Genital warts Contra: Hypersensitivity to yeast 3 dose series: 0, 2, 6 Months
102
General Info about Escheria Coli
Gram negative | rod shaped
103
Dtap (children) | years
2,4, and 6 months 15 through 18 months 4 through 6 years
104
Antibiotic regimens for prevention of endocarditis prior to dental and respiratory procedures
Amoxicillin 2 grams If allergic to penicllins Clindamycin 600mg Both single dose, both oral
105
Integrase Inhibitor
Isentress (raltegravir)
106
HSV-1 Oral Disease treatment | Herpes Simplex 1
Acyclovir: 200 mg five times daily Famciclovir: 250 mg three times daily or 500 mg twice daily Valacyclovir: 1 g twice daily
107
PrEP - Pre Exposure Prophylaxis
Descovy 1 tablet by mouth every day Truvada 1 tablet by mouth every day Only two medications FDA Approved for PrEP
108
Cholera antibiotics
Tetracyclines Macrolides Fluoroquinolones
109
Rocky mountatin spotted fever
Doxy 100mg BID 5-7 days Rickettsia rickettsii Gram negative obligate intracellular coccobacillus We prefer doxycycline even for pregnant women, since there is increasing evidence of the relative safety of doxycycline in pregnancy compared with older tetracyclines. 
110
Tetanus Vaccines
Dtap (children) Tdap (preteen) Tdap (Adults)
111
Measles
MMR vaccine is a MUST!!
112
Mechanism of action Antibiotics Cell Wall Cell Membrane
Polymixins
113
MMR Dose schedule
1st dose 12-18 months | 2nd dose 4-6 years
114
4th Generation Cephalosporin
Cefepime | Pseudomonas
115
General Info about Staphylococcus Aureus
Facultative anaerobe Gram Posisitve Cocci
116
Which of the following antibiotics is considered the standard therapy to treat Campylobacter jejuni ? Doxycycline Azithromycin Amoxicillin Ciprofloxacin
Azithromycin
117
Erythema infectiosum (5th disease)
No treatment as far as antiviral Parvovirus Slapped cheek
118
Disease For Klebsiella pneumoniae
hospital-acquired pneumonia, bacteremia
119
Shigellosis
Bloody diarrhea fever stomach cramps 5-7 days Fluoroquinolones are often used first for Shigella Levo, Cipro
120
What is the standard dosage of oseltamivir (Tamiflu)? 25 mg twice a day by mouth 50 mg twice a day by mouth 75 mg twice a day by mouth 100 mg twice a day by mouth
75 mg twice a day by mouth
121
Disease For Streptococcus pyrogenes
pharyngitis, tonsillitis, skin and soft-tissue infection, scarlet fever
122
Gram Negative Bacteria
Has thin cell wall has two phospholipid bilayers Has a lipoprotein layer between the cell wall and the inner phospholipid bilayer Outer phospholipid bilayer has lipopolysaccharides (LPS) inbedded in it Much harder to penetrate that gram positive due to 2 phospholipid bilayers Has pores that allow small things in.

PAM Semester 2 (22 decks)

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