Pharmacology physiology Flashcards
Affinity is
How well a drug will bind to its receptor or binding
site.
High affinity means
The drug will more readily bind to its target at a low concentration
Agonist
Mimics the action of a naturally occurring substance
Antagonist
Blocks/inhibits the action of an agonist
The CNS is composed of
Brain and spinal cord
The PNS is composed of
The nerves that extend throughout the body
The somatic nervous system controls
Voluntary movement and sensory information
The autonomic nervous system controls
involuntary physiologic processes
What are the three subdivisions of the autonomic nervous system
Sympathetic, Parasympathetic, Enteric
What is a presynaptic cell?
A sending cell
What is a post synaptic cell?
A receiving cell
Fight or flight is
Sympathetic
Rest and digest is
Parasympathetic
The enteric nervous system is
The second brain the is embedded in the GI tract
Sympathetic Presynaptic preganglionic fibers are shorter because?
they are
located near the spinal
cord, requiring less travel
for signal transmission
Why are parasympathetic preganglionic fibers longer?
the
parasympathetic ganglia
are located near or
within the target organs,
necessitating longer
travel distances
The nervous system is a _____ loop system
closed
Define a negative feedback loop
A loop that focuses on correcting deviations to return to a set point
Define a positive feedback loop
A loop that amplifies responses rather than correcting it.
Name a positive feedback loop
Childbirth
Afferent neurons carry
Impulses from receptors to the CNS
Efferent neurons carry
Impulses from the CNS to the body
Interneurons connect
Neurons
Alpha/beta receptors are what classification?
Adrenergic
Muscarinic and nicotinic receptors are
Cholinergic
Name the sympathetic neurotransmitters
Epinephrine and Norepinephrine
Name the cholinergic neurotransmitters
Acetylcholine
What organ releases Epi and Norepi
Adrenal medulla
Where is acetylcholine released from
Parasympathetic nerve endings
What receptors cause vasoconstriction, pupil dilation, and smooth muscle contraction?
Alpha 1
What receptors inhibit norepi release?
Alpha 2
What receptors increase heart rate and renin secretions?
Beta 1
What receptors cause smooth muscle relaxation such as within the bronchioles?
Beta 2
What receptors promote fat breakdown and relax the bladder?
Beta 3
What class of medications may cause a lowered heart rate and reduce oxygen demand?
Beta blockers
What are some common uses of beta blockers?
Hypertension, Heart failure, Arrhythmias, angina
What receptors slow heart rate?
Muscarinic 2
What receptors trigger smooth muscle contraction in muscles and glands?
Muscarinic 3
What is the classification of muscarinic receptors?
G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) just means they activate
intracellular signaling pathways when acetylcholine binds
What type of receptor is found at the neuromuscular junction and plays a key role in muscle contraction
Nicotinic 1
What type of receptor is found in autonomic ganglia and the CNS and is involved in synaptic transmission?
Nicotinic 2
What is the classification of nicotinic receptors?
ion channels (ligand-gated ion channels) that open when
acetylcholine binds, allowing the flow of ions into the cell
Succinylcholine acts by
trapping muscles in the depolarizing state and thereby preventing them from receiving more impulses.
Vecuronium and Rocuronium act by
preventing the action of acetylcholine at the neuromuscular junction
What is a sympatholitic?
drug that inhibits the sympathetic nervous system
What is a parasympatholytic
A drug that inhibits the parasympathetic nervous system
Medications that relieve sensation of pain
Analgesics
Absence of the sensation of pain
Analgesia
Absence of all sensation
Anesthesia
Reverse effects of opioid analgesics
Opioid antagonists
What do opioids do?
Provide pain relief by binding to opioid receptors in the CNS
What is the drug class of narcan
competitive opioid receptor antagonist
Benzodiazepines are
CNS depressants that enhance GABA
