Pharmacology/Pharmacy Flashcards
Idiosyncratic reaction?
-Unpredictable reaction that does not occur immediately, but rather days after tx. Likely due to immune response. Symptoms include fever, antibody production, or T-cell sensitization.
Student #4 BE, PG 958
First pass effect is due to?
-Oral administration of drugs are absorbed through the small intestine, which leads directly to the liver via the portal vein, causing drugs to be broken down and eliminated prior to tissue distribution.
Student #4, BE, Pg 956
Hypoadrenocorticism/Addison’s cause and TX?
-Decreased production of cortisol
-TX: Fludrocortisone -OR- combination of Prednisone and Deoxycorticosterone
Student #4, BE, Pg. 966
Hyperadrenocorticism/Cushing’s cause and TX?
-Excessive production of cortisol from the adrenal gland.
-TX: Mitotane or Trilostane
Student #4, BE, Pg 966
Five factors that influence distribution?
-Drug chemical properties (solubility, pH, molecular weight)
-Tissue blood flow at administration site
-Degree of protein binding
-Degree of tissue binding
-Physical anatomical barriers
Student #4, BE, Pg 956
The absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of the a drug is referred to as:
Pharmokokinetics (pk)
Student # 0, KS
McCurnin 10th edition page: 879
A dog’s body weight was recorded in the medical record in pounds (lb). Convert this dog’s weight (78 lb) to kilograms (kg).
35.5kg - There are 2.2 lb in 1 kg. Weights are typically rounded to the tenths place
Schmidt, Kim
McCurnin 10th edition page: 899
What are examples of NSAIDs that the dosage needs to be adjusted for geriatric patients?
carprofen, deracoxib, etodolac, meloxicam, and tepoxalin
McCurnin 10th edition page: 959
student # 10 AJ
What must you have in order to dispense/prescribe medications?
valid VCPR (Veterinarian-Client-Patient Relationship)
Student #11, ML
McCurnin 10th ed. pg. 897
What type of drug does not require a prescription and is safe to be used by the general public without supervision of a veterinarian or physician?
over the counter drugs
Student #3, SC
McCurnin 10th edition page:878
______ is defined as any manipulation of a drug other than that described on the approved drug label.
drug compounding
McCurnin 10th edition page: 975
Student #10 AJ
Drug absorption across cell membranes is most effective for drugs that are what?
Lipid soluble and uncharged
Student #3, SC
McCurnin 10th edition page:880
______ are used to prevent formation of life threatening blood clots (thrombi) in patients with cardiovascular disease or other systemic diseases.
anticogulants
McCurnin 10th edition page: 970
student # 10 AJ
Water soluble drugs are administered in what way because of the poor absorption across cell membranes?
Injection
Student #3, SC
McCurnin 10th edition page:880
The period you must wait after administering drugs to a food-production animal before utilizing their animal products for consumption
Withdrawal time
Student #11, ML
McCurnin 10th ed. pg. 896
________ is expressed as the amount of drug with units that will be administered.
dose
McCurnin 10th edition page: 955
student # 10 AJ
What is the most important physical barrier to drug movement?
Blood brain barrier
Student #3, SC
McCurnin 10th edition page:880
_______ is expressed by the amount of drug per body weight (Kg)
Dosage
McCurnin 10th edition page: 955
student # 10 AJ
What are the two main organs that play a role in drug elimination?
Kidneys and liver
Student #3, SC
McCurnin 10th edition page:880
What are the 4 federal regulating bodies that oversee veterinary products?
FDA (Food and Drug Administration)
USDA (US Dept. of Agriculture)
EPA (Environmental Protection Agency)
CVM (Center for Veterinary Medicine)
Student #11, ML
McCurnin 10th ed. pg. 894
Examples of Nutraceuticals
S-adenosylmethionine, Milk thistle, Glucosamine, Chondroitin
Student #11, ML
McCurnin 10th ed. pg. 894
The study of the biochemical and physiologic effects of drugs on the body, which is clinically relevant to MOA, concentration and effect, side effects, and adverse reactions.
Pharmacodynamics
Student #11, ML
McCurnin 10th ed. pg. 881
Are schedule I(1) drug the highest or lowest on abuse potential?
Highest
Student #14, Sp
McCurnin 10th ed. pg. 878
Is Baytril or enrofloxacin the generic name? If on the bottle Bayril is listed above and enrofloxacin is listed below in parentheses (). Look at link for image.
https://th.bing.com/th/id/R.f6129e43a2df0064f8fd0fe771d443cd?rik=JnXnJxbqOT%2fc1g&riu=http%3a%2f%2fwww.backyardchickens.com%2fcontent%2ftype%2f61%2fid%2f5426159%2fwidth%2f500%2fheight%2f1000%2fflags%2fLL&ehk=5Jh%2f2x1AprTzARD9OByKoeogZi%2bVWMaTfzD2hbXeR2k%3d&risl=&pid=ImgRaw&r=0
Enrofloxacin
Student #14, Sp
McCurnin 10th ed. pg. 882
What are examples of ectoparasites?
Insects(flies, lice, ticks, mites)
Student #14, Sp
McCurnin 10th ed. pg. 886
What group of drugs would be used to help eliminate edema?
Diuretics
Student #14, Sp
McCurnin 10th ed. pg. 889
Avermectins are used to treat ectoparasites. What dog breed should you be cautious prescribing to?
Collies are susceptible to CNS toxicity.
Student #14, Sp
McCurnin 10th ed. pg. 886
Insulin Information / Production
Insulin is produced by the beta cells of the pancreas and is responsible for the cellular uptake of glucose.
Deficiency= Supplementation
Resistance= Diet chance
#20
McCurnin 10th ed. pg. 888
What is Diabetes mellitus?
Impaired carbs, protein and fat metabolism with insulin deficiency or resistance.
#20
McCurnin 10th ed. pg. 888
What Mutation do collies have that makes it where they can not have some drugs?
P- Glycoprotein mutation at MDR1 gene
#20
McCurnin 10th ed. pg. 880
Half life
The amount of time for the drug in the body to decrease to 1/2 the amount that was administered.
#20
McCurnin 10th ed. pg. 881
What factor is used to make the withdraw times in animals
The half life is used to make the withdraw time. This is how long after administering a med that animals can not be used for food.
#20
McCurnin 10th ed. pg.881
Name several drugs involved in the treatment of a dog with a positive heart worm diagnosis
Prednisone, Doxycycline, Ivermectin heart worm prevention, adulticide melarsomine
#18, BS
McCurnin 9th ed. pg 964
What role does the liver play in drug metabolism?
The liver houses enzymes that convert lipophilic drugs to more water-soluble metabolites for elimination through the kidneys.
#18, BS
McCurnin 9th ed. pg 959
How would you interpret this prescription?
Rx: Enrofloxacin, 136mg, # 14; Sig: give 1 tab PO q 24 hours
Dispense 14, 136mg tablets of enroflaxacin with the following directions for use: give 1 tablet orally every 24 hours
#18, BS
McCurnin 9th ed. pg 977
What is the significance of the P-glycoprotein mutation that makes it dangerous for Collies to be treated with Ivermectin?
The genetic mutation produces a non-functional P-glycoprotein pump in the blood-brain barrier which is responsible for protecting the CNS from toxicity by pumping the toxins out of the cells
#18, BS
McCurnin 9th ed. pg 957
Why might pimobendan be a better option than digoxin when choosing an inotropic agent?
Digoxin has a narrow therapeutic index and can cause life threatenting arrhythmia if the patient is given too much and is not being closely monitored. Pimobendan is overall well tolerated in dogs and has overall less severe side effects.
#18, BS
McCurnin 9th ed. pg 969
The most common means of drug delivery for ectoparasite control is
Topical application
#6, AF, McCurnin’s 10th ed. pg. 886
Hypothyroidism is diagnosed at a higher incidence in _____ and _____, whereas hyperthyroidism is diagnosed at a higher incidence in _____
Hypothyroidism: Dogs and horse
Hyperthyroidism: Cats
#6, AF, McCurnins 10th ed. pg. 886
What group of drugs improves contractility of cardiac muscle fibers
Inotropic Agents (positive isotropes)
#6, AF, McCurnins 10th ed. pg. 886
What do mucolytics and expectorants function to do?
Decrease the thickness of mucous in the respiratory system and help the body eliminate it
#6, AF, McCurnins 10th ed. pg. 891
What is drug metabolism/biotransformation?
The chemical modification of a drug to an active, inactive, or toxic metabolite
#6, AF, McCurnins 10th ed. pg. 880
Hyperthyroidism is an endocrine disease associated with high concentrations of thyroid hormone. What are the 2 most common treatments of this disease?
Methimazole or radioactive iodine
#6, AF, McCurnins 10th ed. pg. 886
Which drug reaction is predictable?
Dose - dependent drug reaction
#1, MA
McCurnin 10th ed. pg 881
Distribution vs Absorption?
Distribution = movement of an absorbed drug from the blood to tissues within the body
Absorption = movement of drug from the site of administration to the blood
#1, MA
McCurnin 10th ed. pg 880
What are the 9 essential elements which are required by law to be on a written prescription?
1) DVM’s name, address, and phone number printed or stamped
2) DVM’s DEA registration number
3) DVM’s legal signature
4) Drug name, concentration, and quantity
5) Directions for use
6) Full name and address of clinic
7) Animal identification (Name and species)
8) Cautionary statement
9) Number of applicable refills
#1, MA
McCurnin 10th ed. pg 897
How many refills are allowed for a Control II substance?
No refills allowed
#1, MA
McCurnin 10th ed. pg 897
Calculating _______, _______, and _______ are an important aspect of dispensing and administering drugs
Accurate dose, Infusion volume, and conversion between units of measure
#1, MA
McCurnin 10th ed. pg 898
Morphine, fentanyl and phenobarbital are classified as schedule ___ drugs.
II
#19 mw
McCurnin 10th ed. pg. 878
What is the MOA of Penicillins?
Interfere with development of bacterial cell wall
#19 mw
McCurnin 10th ed. pg. 883
What is furosemide site of action?
The loop of Henle.
#19 mw
McCurnin 10th ed. pg. 891
What is extra-label drug use?
“use or intended use of a drug in an animal in manner that is not in accordance with the approved labeling.”
#19 mw
McCurnin 10th ed. pg. 895
Which anti-arrhythmic is used for ventricular tachycardia?
Lidocaine
#19 mw
McCurnin 10th ed. pg. 892
What does bioavailability refer to?
“The fraction of a drug dose that reaches the bloodstream.”
#9 KJ
McCurnin 10th ed. pg. 880
What is the primary blood protein that drugs bind to after absorption?
Albumin
#9 KJ
McCurnin 10th ed. pg. 880
What does CHF cause in patients?
Edema in the lungs, body cavities, and tissues.
#9 KJ
McCurnin 10th ed. pg. 889
Where do diuretics work in the body?
Parts of the nephron or in the collecting duct during urine formation.
#9 KJ
McCurnin 10th ed. pg. 889
What is a “saddle thrombus,” and what species is it common in?
A thrombi (blood clot) that blocks the aortic bifurcation leading to pelvic limb ischemia in cats.
#9 KJ
McCurnin 10th ed. pg. 889
Why might kidney disease increase risk for overdose and/or drug toxicity?
Kidney disease can cause improper elimination of drugs, leading to increased plasma concentration and increased risk for drug toxicity.
#5 SF
McCurnin 9th ed. pg 958
Bacteriostatic vs Bactericidal drugs?
Bacteriostatic: inhibit reproduction of bacteria
Bactericidal: kill bacteria
#5 SF
McCurnin 9th ed. pg 960
Why is GI upset/diarrhea the most common adverse effect associated with use of oral antibiotics?
Use of oral antibiotics can disrupt not only harmful bacteria in the body, but also beneficial bacteria in the microbiome of the gut. Disturbing the gut’s microbiome can cause GI upset and diarrhea.
#5 SF
McCurnin 9th ed. pg 960-962
In prescription abbreviations, what does BID stand for?
Two times per day
#5 SF
McCurnin 9th ed. pg 977
Calculate the volume of buprenorphine (in mL) to give to a 5 kg cat. The dosage is 0.03mg/kg, and the concentration is 0.3 mg/mL.
5 SF
0.5 mL
McCurnin 9th ed. pg.978
What decongestant (expectorant) drug is also used as a muscle relaxant/mild sedative in horses?
5 SF
Guaifenesin
McCurnin 9th ed. pg 1018
What is the formula used to calculate the amount of drug to add to make a CRI?
M=(D x W x V)/R where
M= amount of drug
D= dosage (mg/kg/min)
W= body weight (kg)
V= volume (ml)
R=infusion rate (ml/min)
#15 HP
McCurnin 9th ed. pg 979
Opioids are under what schedule of drugs?
Schedule III drug
#15 HP
McCurnin 9th ed. pg 955
Empirical antibacterial therapy is…
Choosing a specific antibacterial medication based on experience and observation
#15 HP
McCurnin 9th ed. pg 960
Avermectin is a ______ spectrum drug
broad
#15 HP
McCurnin 9th ed. pg 962
_______ are drugs that lower blood pressure by dilating blood vessels
Antihypertensives
#15 HP
McCurnin 9th ed. pg 969
What are the 8 routes of drug elimination?
Urine, bile, feces, expired air, milk, sweat, saliva, and tears
Student #8 KH, McCurnin 10th ed. pg 880
How do diuretics increase sodium and water absorption?
By inhibiting the reabsorption of sodium at different parts of the nephron or collecting duct during urine formation.
Student #8 KH, McCurnin 10th ed. pg 889
Under which circumstances can a drug be compounded?
If a drug can not be accurately dosed or if the drug will not be accepted due to the available form containing an offensive taste.
Student #8 KH, McCurnin 10th ed.pg 896
What are the 3 most common anticonvulsants used for long term control of epileptic seizures?
Phenobarbital, Potassium bromide (KBr), and Levatiracetam
Student #8 KH, McCurnin 10th ed. pg 891
Where in the body do enteric coated tablets want to be absorbed?
In the small intestine
Stud #2 VC, McCurnin 10th ed. pg 879
What are two examples of appetite stimulants and their MOA, and side effects?
1.Cypronheptadine. MOA- Serotonin receptor. Side effects include sedation and dry mouth.
2. Mirtazapine. MOA-Alpha 2 receptor antagonist and Serotonin receptor antagonist. Side effects include sedation, tachycardia, and hypotension.
Student #8 KH, McCurnin 10th ed. pg 891
The stomach has a _____ pH, while the small intestine has a _____ pH.
Stomach- low pH
Small intestine- high pH
#2 vc
McCurnin 10th ed. pg 879
Why are the thyroid glands essential to the body?
For normal growth, organ function, and metabolism.
#2 vc
McCurnin 10th ed. pg 886
When administered IV, the bioavailability of a drug is what?
100%
#2 vc
McCurnin 10th ed. pg 880
What drug can be administed IV to stop seizures?
Diazepam
#2 vc
McCurnin 10th ed. pg 893
What is expected of a positive inotrope?
To improve the contractility of cardiac muscle fibers
Student #16 ER
McCurnin 10th Edition pg 889
How are disseminated infections treated?
Systemic antifungals (amphotericin B, ketoconazole, fluconazole, and itraconazole)
Student #16 ER
McCurnin 10th Edition pg 885
Define dosage, dose, dose interval, and dose regimen.
Dosage: the expression of the amount of drug per body weight.
Dose: the amount of drug, in units, that will be given with each administration.
Dose Interval: the frequency of drug administration
Dosage Regimen: the drug dosage, dose interval, and duration of treatment.
Student #16 ER
McCurnin 10th Edition pg 879
Which Controlled Substance schedule is Alfaxalone classified as?
Schedule IV
Student #16 ER
McCurnin 10th Edition pg 878
How do NSAIDs reduce inflammation and what are their most significant side effects?
Block cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2).
Side Effects: GI upset and gastric ulcer formation.
Student #16 ER
McCurnin 10th Edition pg 894
Name the 6 types of gastrointestinal drugs
Antiemetics, emetics, antidiarrheals, laxatives, prokinetics, and antiulcer drugs.
Student #13, KM
McCurnin 10th Edition, Pg 889
Nematodes are more commonly known as what?
Roundworms
Student #13, KM
McCurnin 10th Edition, Pg 885
Diuretics may upset the balance of which electrolyte?
Potassium
Student #13, KM
McCurnin 10th Edition, Pg 889
Why may long-acting glucocorticoids (such as dexamethasone or betamethasone) be avoided for use in patients?
They are eliminated from the body very slowly which means they suppress the adrenal gland for linger and can make it harder to effectively taper off the medication. Short-acting glucocorticoids are usually a better option (like prednisone)
Student #13, KM
McCurnin 10th Edition, Pg 893
What is the advantage to using a COX-2 specific NSAID over a nonspecific NSAID?
COX-2 specific NSAIDS to some extent spare COX-1 and are less likely to cause GI side effects.
Student #13, KM
McCurnin 10th Edition, Pg 894
What are controlled substances?
A controlled substance is a group of prescription drugs that have the potential to be abused or addictive to humans.
Student #7, HHS
McCurnin 10th edition, pg:878
What is the difference between an agonist and an antagonistic drug?
An agonist drug activates the action of endogenous substrates on receptors while an antagonist blocks the action of endogenous substrates on the receptors.
Student #7, HHS
McCurnin 10th edition, pg:881
In what ways can cardiovascular disease impact pharmacokinetics?
Cardiovascular disease alters the way that blood flow occurs in the body. Decreased perfusion means decreased drug concentration in tissues. Cardiovascular disease also leads to more blood being distributed to the heart and brain, causing increased drug concentrations in these areas, which can cause toxicities.
Student #7, HHS
McCurnin 10th edition, pg:881
What is the mode of action for sulfonamides?
Sulfonamides inhibit bacteria’s folic acid production.
Student #7, HHS
McCurnin 10th edition, pg:883
What is VIPPS and what is its purpose?
VIPPS is the Verified Internet Pharmacy Practice Site that has a voluntary accreditation program for online pharmacies that are licensed and operating legally. This verification shows that the pharmacy has shown compliance with state and federal laws and regulations that a retail pharmacy would have to follow.
Student #7, HHS
McCurnin 10th edition, pg:897
What is the mechanism of action of Mirtazapine?
Serotonin receptor antagonist/Alpha-2 receptor antagonist.
Student # 17 TAS-R
McCurnin 10th edition pg. 891
What are two functions of Mirtazapine?
Appetite stimulant and antiemetic.
Student #17 TAS-R
McCurnin 10th edition pg. 890 and 891
What are side effects of Mirtazapine?
Sedation, Hypotension, and Tachycardia.
Student #17 TAS-R
McCurnin 10th edition pg. 891
Interpret these Latin abbreviations: AD, AS, and AU.
Right ear. Left ear. Both ears.
Student #17 TAS-R
McCurnin 10th edition pg. 898
Interpret these Latin abbreviations: OD, OS, and OU.
Right eye. Left eye. Both eyes.
Student #17 TAS-R
McCurnin 10th edition pg. 898
2 important factors to consider when trying to maximize the efficacy of antibacterial therapy.
- Establish a preliminary or definitive diagnosis including primary site or organs effected.
- Collecting the right samples for bacterial culture/sensitivity testing.
Student #12 JL
McCurnin 10th Edition pg. 884
What is the MOA of Macrolides?
Inhibit bacterial protein synthesis.
Student #12 JL
McCurnin 10th Edition pg. 884
What are some examples of Endoparasites?
Nematodes (roundworms, hookworms, whipworms, lungworms, heartworms), Cestodes (tapeworms), Trematodes (flukes), and Protozoa (Giardia, Coccidia)
Student #12 JL
McCurnin 10th Edition pg. 885
MOA of Antacids and Antiulcer drugs
Histamine Antagonist
Student #12 JL
McCurnin 10th Edition pg. 891
What are the side-effects of the most common long-term anticonvulsants? (Phenobarbital, Potassium Bromide, and Levatiracetam)
Dose dependent sedation and/or ataxia, PU/PD, Polyphagia, and weight gain (Phenobarbital)
Student #12 JL
McCurnin 10th Edition pg. 892
Define bacteriostatic vs bactericidal
Bacteriostatic: inhibits bacterial reproduction
Bactericidal: kills bacteria
Student #11 SF
McCurnin 9th ed. pg 960
What is the most common side effect of most antibiotics? What may the DVM recommend in order to prevent this side effect?
GI upset (vomiting/diarrhea)
DVM may recommend giving antibiotics with food to prevent GI upset
Student #11, SF
McCurnin 9th ed.
pg.960-962
Diuretics- useful for edema, some diseases of kidneys/liver/GI tract
Student #11 SF
McCurnin 9th ed.
pg 967
Diuretics- useful for edema, some diseases of kidneys/liver/GI tract
Student #11 SF
McCurnin 9th ed.
pg 967
